急性乳腺炎综合干预护理新进展
2020-10-09秦旺喜
秦旺喜
【摘 要】 急性乳腺炎(Acute mastitis,AM)多是指急性哺乳期乳腺炎,多为产后哺乳的妇女,尤以初产妇更为多见,常发生在产后3~4周。主要临床表现为局部红肿热痛,甚至脓肿形成,可有寒战、高热、脉搏加快,常有患侧淋巴结肿大。AM发病因素较多,但以乳汁淤积及细菌入侵为主,但若采取合理的护理干预措施,可以提升AM预防及治疗效果,提高母乳喂养成功率。本文就AM综合干预护理进展进行了综述,以期对临床工作有所助益。
【关键词】 哺乳期;急性乳腺炎;干预护理;进展
[Abstract] Acute mastitis (AM) mostly refers to acute lactation mastitis, mostly in postpartum breastfeeding women, especially in primiparous women, and often occurs in 3~4 weeks postpartum. The main clinical manifestations are local redness, swelling, heat and pain, and even abscess formation, chills, high fever, rapid pulse, and often swollen lymph nodes on the affected side. There are many risk factors for AM, but milk stasis and bacterial invasion are the main factors. However, if reasonable nursing interventions are taken, the effects of AM prevention and treatment can be improved, and the success rate of breastfeeding can be improved. This article reviews the progress of AM comprehensive intervention nursing, hoping to be helpful to clinical work.
[Key words]Lactation; Acute mastitis; Intervention nursing; Progress
AM属于急性化脓性感染,有报道显示[1],哺乳期发生AM的概率约为3%~20%。另外,我国纯母乳喂养率约为27.6%[2],而发生AM后,母体多在产后3个月断乳,母乳喂养率因此降低。乳腺炎病因多样,常见原因如下:1)乳汁淤积;2)乳头皲裂:3)婴儿口腔感染。急性哺乳期乳腺炎的发生,不仅给产妇造成痛苦,还会影响纯母乳喂养。若采取有效排空乳汁、纠正哺乳姿势、加强健康教育、及时治疗婴幼儿口腔疾病等干预措施,有助于提高哺乳期AM防控效果,降低哺乳期AM发生率[3]。本文通过阐述综合护理干预措施以及其对哺乳期AM患者的效果,为临床指导患者预防急性哺乳期乳腺炎提供帮助,现综述如下。
1 有效排空,避免乳汁淤积
1.1 按需哺乳勤吸吮
乳汁有效排空是指婴儿能够尽早吸吮,勤于吸吮,防止乳房过度充盈的情况。要做到有效排空,则需要按需哺乳,不定时不限量,若乳汁较多,且婴儿不能全部吸尽时,可以借助吸奶器或是手法将乳汁排空[4],当特殊情况且不能哺乳时,也需定时挤奶,以确保乳汁排空,乳管通畅。……
