郭丰秋 赵艾茜

摘要： 楚国丝织品纹样中存在大量复合凤纹造型，文章以图像学视角对其进行整理和分类，分别从凤与神灵、动物、植物三种类别复合造型总结形式特征，并结合古籍及图像资料，分析其隐含的生殖崇拜话语。研究认为：应以多维视角重新观察楚丝织品纹样中的复合凤纹造型，楚丝织品中的龙凤复合造型是伏羲女娲所代表的生殖话语在楚地传承与创新的产物;鱼凤复合纹样源于楚人对于凤鸟和鱼两种代表生殖意象的社会记忆;凤与花卉、扶桑的复合造型则延续了原始遗存的植物生殖崇拜文化基因。

关键词： 楚丝织品;复合凤纹;凤与神灵;凤与动物;凤与植物;生殖崇拜

Abstract： There were a large number of composite phoenix patterns in silk fabrics of Chu State， and they were classified and sorted from the perspective of iconology. The formal features were summarized from three types of composite patterns： phoenix and gods， animals and plants. Combined with historical books and image data， the implied discourse of reproduction worship was analyzed. It is believed that composite phoenix pattern in silk fabrics of Chu State should be viewed from a multi-dimensional perspective anew. The composite pattern of dragon and phoenix in silk fabrics of Chu State was a product of inheritance and innovation of reproduction discourse represented by Fu Xi and Nv Wa in Chu. The composite pattern of fish and phoenix originated from Chu peoples social memory for fish and phoenix which represented reproduction image. The composite pattern of flowers， mulberry and phoenix continued cultural gene of plant reproduction worship that remained in the primitive period.

Key words： silk fabrics of Chu State; composite phoenix pattern; phoenix and gods; phoenix and animals; phoenix and plants; reproduction worship

自楚文化研究熱以来，部分楚墓中发现了大量纹样精美的丝织品，纹样类别以凤纹造型居多，尤其在冠以“丝绸宝库”之称的湖北江陵马山1号楚墓中，共出土绣品21件，以凤为主题的纹样数量达11种之多[1]。目前，学术界多从艺术学、文化学、历史学角度对丝织品中的凤纹造型进行研究。以张正明[2]为代表的学者认为楚丝织品中凤纹频繁出现，源于楚人对凤的图腾崇拜，并从民族学角度提出楚人“尊凤贬龙抑虎”的观点。张庆等[3]则重视楚丝织品中“龙凤合体”造型的象征意涵，否定其蕴含的图腾崇拜文化内核，将其解释为天体崇拜的产物。王祖龙[4]对楚美术的复合造型及艺术思维进行阐释，认为楚人以非理性设计思维表达对天地人神的认知。然而，任何时代典型纹样的出现都是多重文化因素共同作用的结果，楚文化是一种多元包容的文化，其源头可追溯至殷商文化。……