委内瑞拉油气资源现状及石油危机影响分析
2020-08-24黄飞洋刘保磊王恺
黄飞洋 刘保磊 王恺



摘 要: 委内瑞拉蕴藏丰富的重油、超重油资源,是全球排名领先的石油储量大国。目前委内瑞拉石油产量呈“自由落体式”下滑。通过对该国油气储量特征、产量现状及对生产衰退原因进行分析,发现成熟油田的传统轻油项目缺乏投资和维护,奥里诺科重油项目稀释剂进口困难以及“高投入、低利润”模式加大生产成本是构成委内瑞拉油气生产行业衰败的主要原因。并从多个角度深入分析委内瑞拉石油危机给国家自身(人口流失、地缘政治、石油出口收入)以及国外(美国炼油、国际油价、南美投资格局)带来的影响。从而更加全面的解析委内瑞拉面临的巨大风险。
关 键 词:委内瑞拉;产量;储量;政治斗争;美国制裁;石油危机
中图分类号:TE-9 文献标识码: A 文章编号: 1671-0460(2020)04-0649-05
Abstract: Venezuela is rich in heavy oil and super heavy oil resources, and is the world's leading oil reserves country. Now Venezuela's oil production declines in "free fall". In this article, the characteristics of oil and gas reserves, production present situation and production decline reasons were analyzed, it was found that the lack of investment and maintenance in traditional light oil projects of mature oilfields, the difficulty to import thinners in Orinoco heavy oil projects,and high production cost because of "high investment and low profit" model were the main reason for the decline of oil and gas production industry in Venezuela. In addition, the impact of Venezuela's oil crisis on the country itself (population loss, geopolitics, oil export revenue) and other countries (US refining, international oil price, South American investment pattern) was analyzed from multiple perspectives, so as to make a more comprehensive analysis of the big risks that Venezuela faces.
Key words: Venezuela; Production; Reserves; Political struggle; American sanctions; Oil crisis
2019年1月28日,美国政府宣布对委内瑞拉实施制裁,限制马杜罗政府从原油出口中获得收入,加大了马杜罗下台的压力;并对与委内瑞拉有石油贸易往来的国家发出警告。国内政治局势不稳,两派斗争不断恶化。通货膨胀问题一直没有远离委内瑞拉,高失业率导致該国社会矛盾不断激化。尽管委内瑞拉石油产业有过蓬勃时期,但该国始终未从货币和债务危机中恢复过来。马杜罗政府上台后,试图通过发行“石油币”来缓解国内石油危机,但由于风险太大,情况不容乐观。“高投入低利润”的生产模式导致委内瑞拉石油产量严重下滑。委内瑞拉的奥里诺科重油带(Faja)丰富的资源在全球石油市场地位举足轻重,该国需要进口大量的轻质油,用来混合其当地的石油生产。……
