钢架雪车运动员运动表现的影响因素及训练策略
2020-08-07郝磊王润极杨康吴昊
郝磊 王润极 杨康 吴昊



摘 要:通过文献研究法、数理统计法等分析钢架雪车项目比赛总成绩与起动阶段成绩和滑行阶段成绩的相关性、影响钢架雪车运动员运动表现的因素及训练策略。研究结果:1)起动阶段和滑行阶段用时与比赛总用时具有显著正相关关系 (P<0.01);2) 近3届冬奥会的男子钢架雪车运动员和索契冬奥会女子钢架雪车运动员的起动阶段成绩对比赛成绩约有1.7~3.0倍的正向影响。近3届冬奥会钢架雪车运动员滑行阶段成绩对比赛成绩有0.9~1.3倍的正向影响;3)钢架雪车技术稳定性能够提高比赛总成绩。研究结论:1)起动阶段影响钢架雪车运动员运动表现的因素为推橇助跑和上橇效果,体能训练的策略为通过速度和下肢爆发力训练以加快助跑速度,技术训练策略为通过分解训练和模拟训练以提高上橇技术;2)滑行阶段影响钢架雪车运动员运动表现的因素为钢架雪车操控方案和钢架雪车滑行路线,技术训练策略为通过本体感觉训练和钢架雪车操控技术学习以提高对钢架雪车的操控技术,战术训练策略为通过规划和调整滑行路线以提升钢架雪车滑行效益。
关键词:钢架雪车;起动阶段;滑行阶段;冬季运动项目;运动表现
中图分类号:G 862.9 学科代码:040303 文献标识码:A
Abstract:This paper makes a comprehensive analysis on the correlation between the total score of the steel frame snowmobile event and the results of the starting stage and the sliding stage, the factors influencing the sports performance of the steel frame snowmobile athletes and the training strategies by using the research methods of literature review, mathematical statistics and so on. Results: 1) The starting and sliding stages are correlated with the competition time significantly (P<0.01); 2) The starting stage of mens skeleton athletes at the last three Winter Olympics and womens skeleton athletes at Sochi Winter Olympics have a positive impact on the competition time of 1.7~3.0 times. The sliding time have a positive impact on the competition time of 0.9~1.3 times in the last three Winter Olympics. Conclusions: 1) The influencing factors of sports performance in pushing are the effect of pushing-running and loading. The strategy of physical training is to improve the pushing-running speed through sprint and lower limb power training. The strategy of technique training is to improve the loading skill through decomposition and simulation training; 2) The influencing factors of sports performance in sliding are the sledding control scheme and sliding route. The strategy of technique training is to improve the control skill through proprioception and intelligence training. The strategy of tactical training is to improve the sliding benefit through the planning and adjustment of the sliding route.
Keywords:skeleton; start stage; sliding stage;winter sports;sports performance
钢架雪车又称无舵雪车、俯式冰橇,該项目竞赛中,运动成绩分为起动阶段成绩和滑行阶段成绩。运动员单手持橇把借助起动踏板由静止状态自行起动,当运动员助跑推动钢架雪车行进一段距离后跳上钢架雪车即开启滑行阶段。1926年,国际奥委会将钢架雪车列为冬奥会项目,后由于安全原因被取消,直到2002年盐湖城冬奥会,钢架雪车成为冬奥会正式比赛项目[1]。加拿大、俄罗斯、韩国和英国的运动员在近3届冬奥会中曾获得该项目的冠军[ 2]。
2015年,我国提出,大力开展冬季体育运动,加快培养冬季项目专业人才,提高冬季运动竞技水平[3]。2018年,国家体育总局发布《2022年北京冬奥会参赛实施纲要》《“带动三亿人参与冰雪运动”实施纲要(2018—2022年)》及《2022年北京冬奥会参赛服务保障工作计划》《2022年北京冬奥会参赛科技保障工作计划》《2022年北京冬奥会参赛反兴奋剂工作计划》,为中国冰雪运动发展制定了“全面参赛、全面突破、全面带动”的目标[4]。2022年北京冬奥会必将为中国冬季运动项目的竞技水平提高创造一个新的契机,也将是中国冰雪运动普及的一个契机。……
