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静脉输注利多卡因在无痛纤维支气管镜检查中的应用

2020-07-31杨秀丽李元海

中国医药导报 2020年16期
关键词:利多卡因丙泊酚

杨秀丽 李元海

[摘要] 目的 探討静脉输注利多卡因对无痛纤维支气管镜检查中的丙泊酚用量和术后恢复情况的影响。 方法 选择2019年3月~2020年1月安徽医科大学第一附属医院行无痛纤维支气管镜检查患者100例,采用随机数字表法分为对照组和利多卡因组,每组各50例。利多卡因组麻醉诱导时静脉注射利多卡因1.5 mg/kg,以2 mg/(kg·h)速度持续输注至检查结束,对照组给予等量生理盐水。记录两组患者丙泊酚诱导剂量和总量,围术期不同时点生命体征变化情况,术前1 d和术后1 d恢复质量量表评分(QoR-40)及术后恶心呕吐发生情况。 结果 利多卡因组丙泊酚总量低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。T1时点对照组心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)高于T0,且利多卡因组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。此外,HR和MAP存在交互作用(P < 0.05)。T1、T2时点,两组患者脉搏血氧饱和度高于T0,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。利多卡因组术后1 d QoR-40量表情绪状态、身体舒适度、疼痛评分及总分显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。对照组术后恶心呕吐发生率显著高于利多卡因组,差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.01,P < 0.05)。 结论 静脉输注利多卡因运用于无痛纤维支气管镜检查中,可减少丙泊酚总量,稳定血流动力学,改善患者术后恢复质量。

[关键词] 利多卡因;静脉输注;术后恢复质量;丙泊酚

[中图分类号] R614          [文献标识码] A          [文章编号] 1673-7210(2020)06(a)-0105-04

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effects of intravenous Lidocaine on the amount of Propofol during painless fiberoptic bronchoscopy and postoperative recovery. Methods From March 2019 to January 2020, a total of 100 patients undergoing painless fiberoptic bronchoscopy in the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University were enrolled as the subjects. According to the random number table method, they were divided into control group and Lidocaine group, with 50 cases in each group. In the Lidocaine group, 1.5 mg/kg Lidocaine was intravenously injected during anesthesia induction, and the infusion was continued at a rate of 2 mg/(kg·h) until the end of the examination, while the control group was given the same amount of normal saline. The dose and total amount of Propofol induction, the changes of vital signs at different points during the perioperative period, the quality of recovery 40 (QoR-40) score 1 day before operation and 1 day after operation, the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting in the two groups were recorded. Results The total amount of Propofol in the Lidocaine group was lower than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). At T1 points, the heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) of the control group were higher than those of T0 points, while the Lidocaine group were higher than those of the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). In addition, HR and MAP interacted between groups (P < 0.05). At T1 and T2 points, pulse oxygen saturation in two groups were higher than those in T0 points, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The score of mood state, physical comfort, pain and total score of the QoR-40 scale in the Lidocaine group on 1 d postoperatively were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). The incidence of nausea and vomiting in the control group was significantly higher than that in the Lidocaine group, and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=5.01, P < 0.05). Conclusion Intravenous Lidocaine in painless bronchoscopy could reduce Propofol requirement and the incidence of nausea and vomiting after operation, and accelerate post-bronchoscopy recovery.

[Key words] Lidocaine; Intravenous infusion; Postoperative recovery; Propofol

无痛纤维支气镜检查是呼吸内科常用的一种检查技术,可直接观察肿物的形态、定位以及气管、支气管病变程度[1-2]。无痛纤维支气管镜检查常采用喉罩全身麻醉,检查期麻醉深度控制不当,可在气管镜经过声门时出現呛咳等气道反应或心血管不良事件。因此,提高无痛纤维支气管镜的检查质量和促进患者术后早期恢复成为临床医生关注的热点话题。静脉注射利多卡因可以有效预防气管插管时咳嗽呛咳等气道反应[3],促进腔镜妇科[4]和甲状腺[5]手术患者术后早期恢复。本研究拟探讨静脉输注利多卡因在无痛纤维支气管镜检查中的应用,观察对丙泊酚用量、术后恢复质量等影响,为临床麻醉提供参考。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

本研究经安徽医科大学第一附属医院(以下简称“我院”)医学伦理委员会批准,均与患者和家属签署知情同意书。选取2019年3月~2020年1月我院择期行无痛纤维支气管镜检查患者100例为研究对象。采用随机数字表法分为对照组和利多卡因组,每组各50例。纳入标准:年龄18~65岁,体重指数(BMI)18~30 kg/m2,美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级为Ⅰ~Ⅱ级。排除标准:合并肝肾系统疾病,丙泊酚、大豆、牛奶或局麻药物过敏,近期服用镇静类药物,有精神病史或语言理解障碍等不能配合完成研究者。两组患者性别、年龄、身高、体重ASA分级、恢复质量量表(QoR-40)评分、检查时间等一般资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),具有可比性。见表1。

1.2 方法

所有患者均采用全凭静脉麻醉,常规监测心电图(ECG)、脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2)、平均动脉压(MAP)和脑电双频谱指数(BIS)。开放外周静脉通路后静脉给予10 mg地塞米松和1 mg盐酸戊乙奎醚。利多卡因组麻醉诱导时静脉缓慢注射2%利多卡因(上海朝晖药业有限公司,批号:1911J12),随后以2 mg/(kg·h)速度持续静脉输注至检查结束;对照组以同样方法予以等量生理盐水。麻醉诱导依次静脉注射1.0~2.0 mg/kg丙泊酚(北京费森尤斯卡比医药有限公司分装,批号:16NI5432)、0.2 μg/kg舒芬太尼(人福医药,批号:91A 10261)。待意识消失后,利多卡因组静脉给予1.5 mg/kg利多卡因,对照组患者静脉输注等量生理盐水。待BIS值≤60时,给予1.0 mg/kg琥珀胆碱(上海旭东海普药业有限公司,批号:AA180301),1 min后置入i-gel喉罩(30~50 kg患者选用3#喉罩;50~90 kg患者选用4#喉罩)行机械通气。麻醉维持:调节丙泊酚血浆靶浓度(2.0~3.0 μg/mL),BIS值为40~60。术中维持心率(HR)和MAP基础值约20%,术毕拔出喉罩后护送至麻醉恢复室。

1.3 观察指标

记录丙泊酚诱导剂量和总量;记录患者入室后(T0)、纤维支气管镜进入声门时(T1)和拔出纤维支气管镜时(T2)HR、MAP和SpO2;术前1 d和术后1 d 记录QoR-40量表评分。QoR-40量表是由患者生活质量共5部分组成,分别是情绪状态(9项)、身体舒适度(12项)、心理支持(7项)、自理能力(5项)和疼痛(7项)[6]。其中每项1~5分,总分40~200分,得分越高提示恢复质量越好。记录患者术后1 d恶心呕吐发生情况。

1.4 统计学方法

运用SPSS 21.0统计软件对所得数据进行分析,符合正态分布计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,两组比较采用独立样本t检验,重复测量数据采用重复测量方差分析。计数资料以例数或百分比表示,采用χ2检验。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 两组患者丙泊酚用量比较

两组患者丙泊酚诱导量比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。利多卡因组丙泊酚总量低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表2。

2.3 两组患者围术期生命体征比较

两组患者各时点HR、MAP束体分析发现,组间比较、时间比较及交互作用差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。两组患者T0时点HR、MAP比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);T1时点对照组HR、MAP高于T0,且利多卡因组低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。两组患者T0时点SpO2比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);T1、T2时点,两组患者SpO2高于T0,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表3。

2.4 两组患者术后1 d QoR-40量表评分比较

利多卡因组术后1 d QoR-40量表情绪状态、身体舒适度、疼痛评分及总分显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表4。

2.5 两组患者术后恶心呕吐发生率比较

对照组术后恶心呕吐发生率(9例,18%)显著高于利多卡因组(2例,6%),差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.01,P = 0.03)。

3 讨论

纤维支气管镜在呼吸系统疾病的诊断和治疗过程中发挥重要作用。喉罩全麻下纤维支气管镜检查因降低患者恐惧感、提高操作期安全性,深受广大患者和医生欢迎[7]。与外科手术相似,纤维支气管镜检查也是一项有创操作。尤其是纤维支气管镜进入声门时,可能会出现呛咳,支气管痉挛甚至高血压、心动过速等不良事件,影响患者术后快速康复。因此,麻醉医生如何更好地保全患者在纤维支气管镜检查期安全、加速患者术后早期康复,是迫切需要解决的问题。

利多卡因通过可逆性阻断钠离子电流从而抑制动作电位的产生和扩散,是临床上常用的局部麻醉和抗心律失常药物。本研究参照文献[8],选择在麻醉诱导时静脉给予利多卡因1.5 mg/kg,并以2.0 mg/(kg·h)速度输注至检查结束。本研究结果显示,静脉输注利多卡因可减少无痛纤维支气管镜检查患者术中丙泊酚用量。这种丙泊酚的节俭效应也可见于其他全凭静脉麻醉[9-11]。同样在吸入麻醉中,丙泊酚科也可顯著减少七氟烷的需要量[12]。利多卡因减少丙泊酚使用的机制可能是抑制N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体[13]和激活大脑中的钠离子通道和边缘系统[14];另一种可能机制是镇痛机制相关,通过减弱神经感应刺激从而降低丙泊酚的输注速度[15]。此外,本研究结果显示,利多卡因组术后恶心呕吐的发生率显著降低,这与Wang等[4]研究结果一致。利多卡因降低术后恶心呕吐的发生可能与术中稳定的血流动力学、减少术后疼痛[16-17]以及加速胃肠功能恢复有关[17-18],然而具体机制尚不清楚。QoR-40量表具有较高的有效性、准确性和全面性,现已广泛用于评估患者术后恢复质量[19-21]。本研究结果显示,利多卡因组QoR-40量表评分高于对照组,与De Oliveira等[8]静脉给予利多卡因改善急诊腔镜手术患者术后恢复质量的研究结果是一致的。

综上所述,利多卡因静脉输注可减少术中丙泊酚用量,降低术后恶心呕吐发生率,改善患者术后早期恢复质量,可安全有效地应用于无痛纤维支气管镜麻醉。

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(收稿日期:2020-02-02  本文編辑:王晓晔)

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