语法考点与3年高考链接

2020-07-04吴涛

中学课程辅导·高考版 2020年8期

一、时态和语态

【考点及解题技巧】

1. 主从句时态应该保持一致，但如果宾语从句讲的是事实，用一般现在时。如：He told me that the earth moves around the sun.

2. 瞬间动词不能和现在完成时连用，尤其含有for的短语。如：He has died for three years.（错句）。可改成He has been dead for three years.或者He died three years ago. 或者It is three years since he died.

3. 現在进行时与always， continually， forever等副词连用时，具有较重的感情色彩，如表示赞许、厌烦、警告等。如：He's always coming late for class.

4. 有些表示状态和感觉的动词一般不用于进行时态，如连系动词be;表示感情的love， like， dislike， hate， prefer等;表示感知的hear， smell， feel等;表示认知的think（认为）， believe， remember， know等;表示从属关系和某些抽象概念的动词have， belong， possess， equal， resemble等。如：They resemble each other in shape.

5. “used to+动词原形”表示过去的状态或者习惯性动作，并含有现在已经终止的意思;而would也可以表示过去的习惯，但比较强调过去的倾向。

6. 在表示时间和条件的状语从句中，一般过去时常用来代替过去将来时。如：We would not leave the office until he came back.

7. 在口语中，有些系动词，如get， grow， become， turn out等，加上及物动词的过去分词也可以构成被动语态。如：We got delayed because of the holiday traffic.

8. 在SVO句型中，如果宾语是that引导的从句，尤其当主句的谓语动词是think， say， believe， feel等词时，转换成被动语态有两种形式。如：They said that he was jealous of her success.（主动语态）→It was said that he was jealous of her success.→He was said to be jealous of her success.

9. 由“及物动词+名词+介词”的动词短语被动语态有两种形式。如They paid no attention to the problem.（主动语态）→No attention was paid to the problem. → The problem was not paid attention to.

10. 有少数动词（cut， read， write， lock， sell， shut， wash， taste， feel）的主动形式可以表示被动意义。如：These clothes wash well.这些衣服经洗。Silk feels very soft.丝绸摸起来很软。

【小试牛刀】

1. The musician along with his band members ten performances in the last three months. （2019江苏卷22）

________________

A. gives B. has given

C. have given D. give

2. A few months after he had arrived in China， Mr. Smith________ in love with the people and culture there. （2019江苏卷29）

A. would fall B. had fallen

C. has fallen D. fell

3. They are trying to make sure that 5G terminals________ by 2022 for the Beijing Winter Olympics. （2019江苏卷33）

A. will install

B. will have been installed

C. are installed

D. have been installed

4. I________ to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage， but I couldn't manage it. （2019天津卷2）

A. had hoped B. am hoping

C. have hoped D. would hope

5. Amy， as well as her brothers，________ a warm welcome when returning to the village last week. （2019天津卷8）

A. is given B. are given

C. was given D. were given

6. I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan________ in the past two years.（2018江苏卷30）

A. had been carried out B. would be carried out

C. is being carried out D. has been carried out

7. Hopefully in 2025 we will no longer be emailing each other， for we________ more convenient electronic communication tools by then. （2018江蘇卷31）

A. have developed B. had developed

C. will have developed D. developed

8. —Hi， I'm Peter. Are you new here？ I haven't seen you around. （2018北京卷1）

—Hello， Peter. I'm Bob. I just________ on Monday.

A. start B. have started

C. started D. had started

9. Susan had quit her wellpaid job and________ as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year. （2018北京卷4）

A. is working B. was working

C. has worked D. had worked

10. China's highspeed railways________ from 9，000 to 25，000 kilometers in the past few years. （2018北京卷7）

A. are growing B. have grown

C. will grow D. had grown

二、情景对话

【考点及解题技巧】

1. 情景对话是以书面形式考查学生英语口头交际能力和逻辑思维的一种题型。

2. 情景对话考查学生是否在一定的交际情境中，对所谈事及说话人之间的关系做准确的反应。

3. 把话题设置在一个情境中，考查学生在特定的情景中运用语言的能力。

4. 掌握一些常用的口语交际用语和习惯用语。

5. 学会应用语境分析全篇对话。

6. 在一个语境中具有一定的推断能力。

7. 通过整个对话，跳过空缺处，快速把全篇通读一遍，了解其整体结构，把握对话的内容及语境。

8. 从四个选项中或者方框中选择合适的选项补全对话。

9. 更多关注核心词汇、重点短语和写作句式。

10. 在高三复习过程中不断积累固定短语，在固定短语中可能没有生词，但是作为短语就不知所云，更不用说运用在情景当中。如：have butterflies on one's stomach紧张，忐忑不安;（as） cool as a cucumber非常冷静，泰然自若;for the taking供自由拿取;off the top of one's head不假思索地，信口地;fly off the handle发火，失去控制。

【小试牛刀】

1. —Let's take a coffee break. （2019江苏卷35）

—________We've been working for hours.

A. Why bother？ B. What for？

C. You got me there. D. You said it.

2. —I guess you want to go to play tennis. （2019天津卷1）

— . That's exactly what I was thinking too.

A. I didn't get it B. It's up to you

C. You never know D. You read my mind

3. —My son got a full scholarship to his dream university！（2019天津卷6）

—Wow，________！ What's he going to study？

A. good for him B. go for it

C. what a coincidence D. all the best

4. —You know what？ I've got a New Year concert ticket. （2018江苏卷28）

—Oh，________ You're kidding.

A. so what？ B. go ahead.

C. come on. D. what for？

5. —What happened？ Your boss seems to________.（2018江苏卷35）

—Didn't you know his secretary leaked the secret report to the press？

A. be over the moon B. laugh his head off

C. be all ears D. fly off the handle

6. —Wasn't Joan supposed to be here by now？（2018天津卷1）

— . She will be here in about twenty minutes.

A. All right B. Don't worry

C. No wonder D. Enjoy yourself

7. —I'm moving in a few days and I wonder if you could help. （2018天津卷5）

— . Just let me know when， and I'll be there.

A. You bet B. It depends

C. Forget it D. No kidding

8. —What does the stuff on your Tshirt mean？

—It's nothing. Just something________. （2017江苏卷33）

A. as clear as day

B. off the top of my head

C. under my nose

D. beyond my wildest dreams

9. —Going to watch the Women's Volleyball Match on Wednesday？（2017江蘇卷35）

— ！ Will you go with me？

A. You there B. You bet

C. You got me D. You know better

10. —Albert's birthday is on next Saturday， and I'm planning a surprise party for him.

— . I'll bring some wine.（2017天津卷1）

A. Sounds like fun B. It depends

C. Just a minute D. You are welcome

三、介词（短语）

【考点及解题技巧】

1. 要认真掌握好常用介词的主要用法及动词与介词的搭配，这是高考的重点，也是难点。

2. 在具体的题目中，要首先判断考查方式，是考查介词辨析，还是带介词的定语从句中的介词的选用，判断后再做具体分析。

3. 介词分类：（1）简单介词;（2）合成介词，如into， throughout， within;（3）短语介词，如because of， according to， instead of;（4）双重介词，如from behind， till after， in between;（5）分词介词，如including， concerning， considering（就……而论）;（6）兼类介词（由形容词转换而来，如like， unlike， opposite）。

4. 介词短语的作用：定语、状语、表语和补足语。

5. 必须掌握相同或相似概念的表示时间的介词（短语）的区别：in / on / at; since / for / from; in / after; in the end / at the end of / by the end of; between / among。

6. 表示地点位置的介词（短语）的辨析：in / on / to; in / into; through / across; in the corner / on the corner / at the corner; beside / besides; besides / except / but / except for; except for / except that / except when / except where。

7. 常见同一形容词与不同介词搭配时意义上的差别：be strict with sb. 对某人要求严格 / be strict in sth. 对某事要求严格;be absent from缺席 / be absent in不在这里而在;be afraid of担心 / be afraid for为……担心;be angry with sb. 对某人生气 / be angry at或about sth.因某事而生气;be popular with sb.受……欢迎 / be popular for因……而流行;be good at擅长于 / be good to对……友好或态度好 / be good for对……有益;be different from与……不同 / be different to不关心;be familiar with精通，熟悉 / be familiar to为……熟知。

8. with复合结构：with+宾语+形容词/ 副词/ 介词短语/ 现在分词/ 过去分词/ 动词不定式。

9. with复合结构句法作用：（1）定语;（2）状语可表示伴随/原因/时间/条件/结果。

10. 容易混淆的含介词固定搭配的词组：（1）差一冠词，大相径庭。如in front of / in the front of;in charge of / in the charge of; out of question / out of the question; at table / at the table。（2）有无介词，意义不同。如know sb. / know about sb.;shoot sb. / shoot at sb.;search sb. / search for sb.;believe sb. / believe in sb.。（3）画蛇添足，误加介词。如serve the people为人民服务（易加for）;marry sb.与某人结婚（易加with）;follow me跟在我后面/跟我学（易加behind）;go abroad出国（易加to）。（4）母语思维，误用介词。如be caught in the rain（易用by）;set an example to sb.（易用for）;leave for Nanjing（易用to）;do a favor for sb.（易用to）。

【小试牛刀】

1. Favorable policies are________ to encourage employees' professional development. （2019江苏卷27）

A. in effect B. in command

C. in turn D. in shape

2.________ all the problems， several of the players produced excellent performances. （2019天津卷5）

A. According to B. Instead of

C. In addition to D. In spite of

3. China's soft power grows________ the increasing appreciation and understanding of China globally. （2018江苏卷33）

A. in line with B. in reply to

C. in return for D. in honor of

4. —Good morning， Mr. Lee's office.

—Good morning. I'd like to make an appointment________ next Wednesday afternoon. （2018北京卷14）

A. for B. on

C. in D. at

5. Bob thought he couldn't go to the party because he had to write a report， but he went________. （2018天津卷11）

A. at first B. after all

C. above all D. at random

6. Determining where we are________ our surroundings remains an essential skill for our survival.（2017江蘇卷32）

A. in contrast to B. in defense of

C. in face of D. in relation to

7. —What does the stuff on your Tshirt mean？

—It's nothing. Just something________. （2017江苏卷33）

A. as clear as day

B. off the top of my head

C. under my nose

D. beyond my wildest dreams

8. Many people who live along the coast make a living________ fishing industry. （2017北京卷35）

A. at B. in

C. on D. by

9. When you drive through the Redwood Forests in California， you will be________ trees that are over 1，000 years old. （2017天津卷12）

A. among B. against

C. behind D. below

10. More efforts， as reported，________ in the years ahead to accelerate the supplyside structural reform.

A. are made B. will be made

C. are being made D. have been made

四、词汇辨析

【考点及解题技巧】

1. 根据定义法找词义：提示词为that is...， refers to...， is referred to as...， is或are called，定语从句，同位语从句等，可根据其后面的已知信息来推断前面生词的词义。

2. 根据重述（扩展）法找词义：提示词为that is...， or...， put in another way...。

3. 根据句中提供的举例或类比来判断答案，提示词为for example， for instance， such as， like， eg.等。

4. 根据题干中的介词或副词寻找与其成为正确搭配的词为答案。

5. 根据上下文相关信息的暗示找出答案。

6. 根据用词特点来选词：要考虑到词的褒贬色彩，动词的及物与不及物，主动与被动的用法，动宾搭配等。

7. 仔细辨析近义词的细微差别，找出最合适的答案。

8. 辨析相似词的词义，找出正确答案。

9. 根据句中所提供的同义词或反义词来判断答案。

【小试牛刀】

1. Nowadays the________ for travelling is shifted from shopping to food and scenery. （2019江苏卷26）

A. priority B. potential

C. proportion D. pension

2. A city is the product of the human hand and mind，________ man's intelligence and creativity. （2019江苏卷34）

A. resembling B. reflecting

C. reviewing D. restoring

3. We can observe that artificial intelligence has already made a（n）________ on our lives in many ways. （2019天津卷7）

A. statement B. impact

C. impression D. judgment

4. Kids shouldn't have access to violent films because they might________ the things they see. （2018江苏卷22）

A. indicate B. investigate

C. imitate D. innovate

5. The________ that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space. （2018天津卷6）

A. advice B. order

C. possibility D. invitation

6. It took him a long time to________ the skills he needed to become a good dancer. （2018天津卷8）

A. display B. acquire

C. teach D. test

7. A quick review of successes and failures at the end of year will help________ your year ahead. （2017江蘇卷30）

A. shape B. switch

C. stretch D. sharpen

8. —Can you tell us your________ for happiness and a long life？

—Living every day to the full， definitely.

A. recipe B. record

C. range D. receipt

9. He didn't________ easily， but was willing to accept any constructive advice for a worthy cause.

A. approach B. wrestle

C. compromise D. communicate

10. I'm going to________ advantage of this tour to explore the history of the castle.

A. put B. make

C. take D. give

五、非谓语动词

【考点及解题技巧】

1. 表达将来要发生的事情时通常用不定式作主语，而表达一般情况、习惯性动作时用动名词作主语。

2. 在用it作形式主语的句子中通常用不定式作真正主语，但值得注意的是在个别情况下用动名词。如It is / was no use / good doing sth.; It is / was not any use / good doing sth.; It is / was of little use / good doing sth.。

3. 表示“目的、愿望、梦想、需求”等意思的名词作主语时，其表語常用不定式。

4. 动名词作表语，表示抽象概念，指“身份、职业”等。

5. 动名词作表语时可以和主语互换。如My job is teaching.= Teaching is my job. 而现在分词帮助构成进行时则不能和主语互换。如I'm teaching.

6. interest， excite， astonish， surprise， puzzle， disappoint， encourage， move， shock， inspire等及物动词用作表语时，要看其与主语的关系。如果是主动关系，则用ing形式，表示主语的特征;如果是被动关系用done形式表示主语的状态。如The news was astonishing. We were astonished （by the news）.

7. 跟不定式作宾语的及物动词有afford， agree， dare， decide， expect， fail， hope， intend， manage， offer， plan， pretend， promise， refuse， wish。跟动名词作宾语的及物动词可组成个顺口溜：考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想，避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏，禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡。另外要特别关注以下几个词后接不定式和动名词的区别：remember， forget， regret， try， mean， stop。

8. 不定式有否定式not to do; 有进行式to be doing; 有完成式to have done; 有被动式to be done。

9. 分词作状语在意义上相当于一个状语从句，表示时间、原因、条件、让步的意义时常放在句首;表示结果、行为方式和伴随状语时常放在句末。

10. 现在分词常表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态;而动名词则表示所修饰成分的用途、性质等。试比较：a sleeping child（The child is sleeping表示状态）甜睡的孩子;a sleeping car（ a car for sleeping表示用途）卧车。

【小试牛刀】

1.________ the convenience of digital payment， many senior citizens started to use smart phones. （2019江苏卷30）

A. To enjoy B. Enjoying

C. To have enjoyed D. Enjoy

2. China's image is improving steadily， with more countries________ its role in international affairs. （2019江苏卷32）

A. recognizing B. being recognized

C. to be recognized D. recognized

3.________ to think critically is an important skill today's children will need for the future. （2019天津卷4）

A. Learn B. Learned

C. Learning D. Having learned

4. Most colleges now offer firstyear students a course specially________ to help them succeed academically and personally. （2019天津卷10）

A. designed B. designing

C. to design D. being designed

5. Around 13，500 new jobs were created during the period，________ the expected number of 12，000 held by market analysts. （2018江苏卷26）

A. having exceeded B. to exceed

C. exceeded D. exceeding

6.________ along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience. （2018北京卷3）

A. Travel B. Traveling

C. Having traveled D. Traveled

7. During the MidAutumn Festival， family members often gather together________ a meal， admire the moon and enjoy moon cakes. （2018北京卷6）

A. share B. to share

C. having shared D. shared

8. Ordinary soap，________ correctly， can deal with bacteria effectively. （2018北京卷10）

A. used B. to use

C. using D. use

9. I need a new passport so I will have to have my photograph________. （2018天津卷7）

A. taking B. taken

C. being taken D. take

10. I didn't mean________ anything but the ice cream looked so good that I couldn't help________ it. （2018天津卷12）

A. to eat; to try B. eating; trying

C. eating; to try D. to eat; trying

六、形容詞和副词

【考点及解题技巧】

1. 修饰复合不定代词nobody， anybody， anyone， anything， nothing， some， every等时，形容词放在后面修饰。

2. 以a开头的形容词一般只能作表语。如afraid， alone， alike， awake， asleep， alive等。

3. 大部分形容词加ly可构成副词，但friendly， lonely， lovely， likely， lively等仍为形容词。

4. 有些词有两种副词形式，但意义不同。如late迟到 / lately近来;hard努力地 / hardly几乎不;sharp用于钟点的后面表示“整” / sharply急剧地;free免费 / freely自由地;just正好 / justly公正地;close亲密的，靠近的 / closely认真地，仔细地;deep（具体） / deeply（抽象）;high（具体） / highly（抽象）;wide（具体） / widely（抽象）。

5. 有些以ly结尾的词既是形容词，又是副词。如daily， weekly， monthly， early等。

6. 多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为：限观形年色国材，如two beautiful large old brown and white German glass beermugs。

7. farther较远，更远;further进一步。elder指兄弟姐妹中的长者，eldest指兄弟姐妹中最大的，older指年龄“大”。如No further discussion is necessary.没有必要作进一步讨论。His eldest sister is ten years older than he.他的大姐姐比他大十岁。

8. 原级比较分为肯定句as... as;否定句not so / as... as; the same... as，一般接名词、介词或相关短语;A is to B what / as C is to D。如Reading is to the mind what / as exercise is to the body.读书对思想，好比运动对于身体一样。

9. 比较级比较常用结构：“比较级+than”和“not... than / less than”;“比较级+and+比较级”在句中可作定语、表语和状语，表示“愈来愈”;“the+比较级...，the+比较级”表示“越……越……”。

10. 比较级形式表示最高级含义：“比较级+than+any other+可数名词单数、the other+复数名词、any of the other+复数名词”结构表示“比同一范围的任何一个人或物都……”，如：Tom is much cleverer than any other student in his class.

【小试牛刀】

1. Unlike traditional gyms， appbacked gyms offer people________ options to exercise. （2019江苏卷28）

A. casual B. regular

C. flexible D. tight

2. A dog's eating habit requires regular training before it is________ established. （2019天津卷15）

A. properly B. widely

C. originally D. temporarily

3. Despite the poor service of the hotel， the manager is________ to invest in sufficient training for his staff. （2018江苏卷34）

A. keen B. reluctant

C. anxious D. ready

4. Only five years after Steve Jobs' death， smartphones defeated________ PCs in sales. （2017江苏卷29）

A. controversial B. contradictory

C. confidential D. conventional

5. The disappearance of dinosaurs is not necessarily caused by astronomical incidents. But________ explanations are hard to find. （2017江苏卷34）

A. alternative B. aggressive

C. ambiguous D. apparent

6. —I want to see Mr. White. We have an appointment. （2017天津卷3）

—I'm sorry， but he is not________ at the moment， for the meeting hasn't ended.

A. busy B. active

C. concerned D. available

7. His comprehensive surveys have provided the most________ statements of how， and on what basis， data are collected.

A. explicit B. ambiguous

C. original D. arbitrary

8. A sudden stop can be a very frightening experience，________ if you are traveling at high speed.

A. eventually B. strangely

C. merely D. especially

9. In this article， you need to back up general statements with________ examples.

A. specific B. permanent

C. abstract D. universal

10. It is more important that she should be free________ she should live a luxurious life.

A. than B. that

C. more than D. than that

七、短语动词和动词词组

【考点及解题技巧】

1. 同一个短语动词在初高中阶段的不同意思。

2. 常见的短语动词辨析。

3. 注意短语动词中动词本身的意思以及后面的介词的意思，有的需要延伸义。如： break down出故障;come to （oneself）苏醒。

4. 注意短语动词中动词本身的意思以及后面的副词的意思，有的需要延伸义。如：come across碰见;take after相像。

5. 注意短语动词中动词本身的意思以及后面+副词+介词的意思，有的需要延伸义。如：put up with容忍，忍受;do away with消除，去掉。

6. 考查同根短语动词的辨析。

7. 考查同根介词或副词的短语动词的辨析。

8. 考查“动词+名词”构成的动词词组的辨析。如take place= happen; lose heart= feel discouraged。

9. 考查“动词+名词+（特殊）介词”构成的动词词组的辨析。如make use of利用;give rise to引发。

【小试牛刀】

1. More wind power stations will________ to meet the demand for clean energy. （2019江苏卷24）

A. take up B. clear up

C. hold up D. spring up

2. Kate heard a man's voice in the background， but she couldn't________ what he was saying. （2019天津卷9）

A. set aside B. take back

C. make out D. keep off

3. Developing the Yangtze River Economic Belt is a systematic project which________ a clear road map and timetable. （2018江苏卷25）

A. calls for B. calls on

C. calls off D. calls up

4. At first Robert wouldn't let his daughter go diving， but eventually he________ as she was so confident about her skills. （2018天津卷3）

A. gave in B. dresses up

C. broke in D. turned up

5. Working with the medical team in Africa has________ the best in her as a doctor. （2017江蘇卷25）

A. held out B. brought out

C. picked out D. given out

6. Mr. and Mrs. Brown would like to see their daughter________， get married， and have kids. （2017天津卷5）

A. settle down B. keep off

C. get up D. cut in

7. Many businesses started up by college students have________ thanks to the comfortable climate or business creation.

A. fallen off B. taken off

C. turned off D. left off

8. Parents should actively urge their children to________ the opportunity to join sports teams.

A. gain admission to B. keep track of

C. take advantage of D. give rise to

9. Mary was silent during the early part of the discussion but finally she________ her opinion on the subject.

A. gave voice to B. kept an eye on

C. turned a deaf ear of D. set foot on

10. I hate it when she calls me at work—I'm always too busy to________ a conversation with her.

A. carry on B. break into

C. turn down D. cut off

八、名词从句

【考点及解题技巧】

1. 一般情况下，只要是从句，用陈述句语序。

2. 用it作形式主语，常用句型有（1） It+ be+形容词（true， obvious， good， natural， surprising， wonderful， funny）+ that从句。（2） It+ be+名词词组（a good thing， a pity， no surprise， no wonder， an honor）+that从句。（3） It + be+过去分词（said， reported， thought， believed， expected， decided， arranged， announced）+that从句。

3. 考查宾语从句的热点在于（1） that可以省略;当一个句子有两个或多个并列的宾语从句时，引导第二个和以后几个从句的that不可省略;由it作形式宾语时，that不可省略。（2）常见的可以接that从句作宾语的动词有say， see， know， tell， show， think， consider， discover， imagine， be sure， be certain， be afraid， be glad等。

4. 在可以接复合宾语的动词之后，如think， make， consider等，可以用it作形式宾语。

5. 由that引导的宾语从句仅能直接跟在except， in， but， besides等少数几个介词后作宾语。有时在that从句前加形式宾语。如You may rely on it that everything will be ready by Monday.

6. 当主句的谓语动词是think， believe， suppose， assume等时，如果宾语从句是否定式，通常将主句谓语改为否定式而将宾语从句变为肯定式。如I don't think that we two have met before.

7. 考查表语从句的热点是当主语是reason时，表语从句用that 引导，不要误用because，如The reason why I plan to go is that she'll be disappointed if I don't.

8. 可跟同位语从句的常用名词有：fact， idea， news， belief， hope， conclusion， thought， opinion， discovery等。

9. whether可引導主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句，而if只能引导宾语从句。

10. that引导定语从句时，在从句中担任成分而that引导同位语从句时，在从句中不担任成分。如The news that he got there is true.句法分析（1） get为vt.， that在从句中担任get的宾语，所以是定语从句，句意：“他在那里得到的消息是真实的。”（2） get为vi.，that在从句中不担任成分，所以是同位语从句，句意：“他到达那里的消息是真实的。”

【小试牛刀】

1. Scientists have obtained more evidence________ plastic is finding its way into the human body. （2019江苏卷25）

A. what B. that

C. which D. where

2. By boat is the only way to get here， which is________ we arrived. （2018江蘇卷21）

A. where B. when

C. why D. how

3. Without his support， we wouldn't be________ we are now. （2018北京卷11）

A. how B. when

C. where D. why

4. This is________ my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best. （2018北京卷15）

A. how B. which

C. that D. what

5. The gold medal will be awarded to________ wins the first place in the bicycle race. （2018天津卷9）

A. whomever B. wherever

C. whoever D. whatever

6. We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $20， half of________ it used to charge. （2017江苏卷26）

A. that B. which

C. what D. how

7. Every year，________ makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival. （2017北京卷23）

A. whatever B. whoever

C. whomever D. whichever

8. Jane moved aimlessly down the treelined street， not knowing________ she was heading. （2017北京卷26）

A. why B. where

C. how D. when

9. She asked me________ I had returned the books to the library， and I admitted that I hadn't. （2017天津卷4）

A. when B. where

C. whether D. what

10. It is often the case________ anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.

A. why B. what

C. as D. that

九、定语从句

【考点及解题技巧】

1. 当先行词是人的时候，用关系代词who（主语）， whom（宾语）， whose（定语）和that（主语或宾语）引导定语从句。

2. 当先行词是物的时候，用关系代词whose（定语）， that（主语或宾语）和which（主语或宾语）引导定语从句。

3. 当先行词是表示时间的词，用关系副词when（状语）引导定语从句。

4. 当先行词是表示地点的词，用关系副词where（状语）引导定语从句。

5. 当先行词是reason，用关系副词why（状语）引导定语从句。

6. 不能用which引导只能用that的三种情况：（1）先行词是all， nothing， anything， everything， something; （2）先行词里面有形容词最高级;（3）先行词被first， last， little， only， few， much修饰。

7. 非限制性定语从句不能用that和why引导。

8. 当先行词是两个并列的名词且分别表示人和物时，修饰这两个名词的定语从句要用that引导。

9. 关系代词（5个）和关系副词（3个）中只有作宾语的whom， that和which可以省略。

10. as可以引导限制性定语从句，主要用于“such... as”和“the same as”结构中，在从句中作主语、宾语和表语。as也可以引导非限制性定语从句，如果修饰整个主句时，从句可以放在主句之前、之后或者插在之间，而which只能放在后面。

【小试牛刀】

1. We have entered into an age________ dreams have the best chance of coming true. （2019江苏卷21）

A. which B. what

C. when D. that

2. Their child is at the stage________ she can say individual words but not full sentences. （2019天津卷11）

A. why B. where

C. which D. what

3. Selfdriving is an area________ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line. （2018江苏卷23）

A. that B. where

C. which D. when

4. She and her family bicycle to work，________ helps them keep fit. （2018北京卷5）

A. which B. who

C. as D. that

5. Kate，________ sister I shared a room with when we were at college， has gone to work in Australia. （2018天津卷2）

A. whom B. that

C. whose D. her

6. In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Program， one of________ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation. （2017江苏卷28）

A. which B. its

C. whose D. whom

7. The little problems________ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions. （2017北京卷31）

A. that B. as

C. where D. when

8. My eldest son，________ work takes him all over the world， is in New York at the moment. （2017天津卷9）

A. that B. whose

C. his D. who

9. Many young people， most________ were welleducated， headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.

A. of which B. of them

C. of whom D. of those

10. I live next door to a couple________ children often make a lot of noise.

A. whose B. why

C. where D. which

十、狀语从句

【考点及解题技巧】

1. 主句表示将来意义时，时间和条件状语从句用一般现在时。

2. while引导的时间状语从句动词一般是延续性的;while还可以引导让步状语从句。

3. until用在肯定句中，主句动词是延续性的;而用在否定句中，主句动词为短暂性的。

4. because语气最强，since较弱，表示大家都明了的原因，as又次之。

5. so that引导目的状语从句时，从句中常用may， should， could， would等情态动词;引导结果状语从句时，从句中一般不用情态动词。

6. as if和as though可引导表语从句和方式状语从句。从句中常用虚拟语气，有时也用陈述语气。如He talks as if he were my boss.（虚拟语气） I feel as if I have a fever.（陈述语气）

7. 用了because，主句句首不能用so，可以和yet（副词）连用，也可以和still（副词）连用。同样道理，用了though / although，主句句首不能用but。

8. as引导让步状语从句时常用倒装语序。

9. 在让步状语从句中，though = although; even if = even though; no matter what / who / which / when / where / how = whatever / whoever / whichever / whenever / wherever / however。

10. 在从属连词中as用法最多，可引导时间状语从句、原因状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句和方式状语从句。

【小试牛刀】

1. The doctor shares his phone number with the patients________ they need medical assistance. （2019江苏卷23）

A. if only B. as if

C. even though D. in case

2. Tom is so independent that he never asks his parents' opinion________ he wants their support. （2019天津卷13）

A. since B. once

C. unless D. after

3.________ you can sleep well， you will lose the ability to focus， plan and stay motivated after one or two nights. （2018江苏卷29）

A. Once B. Unless

C. If D. When

4.________ we don't stop climate change， many animals and plants in the world will be gone. （2018北京卷2）