顾伟康　杨国峰　刘艺　毛羽丰　李宏　艾海男　何强

摘 要：微塑料作为一种新兴污染物，由于尺寸小、使用量大、处置不当以及在环境中难以被彻底降解等特性而在生态系统中广泛分布，近年来，海洋和淡水环境中的微塑料污染成为日益关注的全球热点问题。研究这种新型污染物的首要问题是将微塑料从复杂的环境介质中分离鉴定出来。目前已有各种微塑料检测分析流程，但为使不同研究结果间具有可比性，亟需统一、标准的微塑料分离提取和鉴别定量方法。在系统综述常见且可靠的分离提取步骤（如密度分离、筛分、过滤、消解）、鉴别定性方法（如热分析和光谱分析）、统计定量方法（如目检统计、荧光分析和热分析）的基础上，提出对微塑料检测分析方法的研究展望。结合光谱分析的染色荧光法在快速、准确地评估环境中微塑料污染方面具有广阔的应用前景。

关键词：微塑料;检测方法;分离提取;鉴别定性;统计定量

中图分类号：X703.1 文献标志码：A 文章编号：2096-6717（2020）01-0135-09

Abstract：As one kind of emerging contaminants， high abundance of microplastics have been identified in ecosystems due to their small size， increasing plastic production， extensive usage， poor waste management， and minimal biological degradation. Therefore， microplastic pollution in the marine and freshwater environment has become a global hot issue in recent years. The most important problem while conducting research on microplastics is to distinguish pollutants from complex environmental media. At present， there are abundant strategies for detection and analysis of microplastics， however， in order to make results comparable， it is urgent to seek unified and standardized separation， extraction， identification and quantification methods for microplastics. Based on a systematic review of common and reliable separation and extraction procedures including density separation， screening， filtration and digestion， elaborating qualitative identification methods such as thermal analysis， spectral analysis and presenting statistical quantification methods such as visual inspection of statistical， fluorescence analysis and thermal analysis， the research prospects of microplastics detection and analysis methods are put forward. Staining fluorescence combined with spectral analysis has broad application prospects in quickly and accurately assessing microplastic contamination in the environment.

Keywords：microplastics; detection method; extraction and separation; qualitative identification; statisticalquantification

微塑料通常是指粒徑小于5 mm、人工合成的一种新型污染物，其在缓慢降解过程中会逐渐释放人工添加剂[1]。由于粒径小、疏水性强，微塑料易附着环境中有机污染物和微生物形成复合型污染物，在被水生生物摄食后，其毒性会在食物链中传递和富集[2-5]，从而对水生生态系统，甚至人类健康造成危害，所以，近年来愈发受到研究人员的关注。中国科研人员陆续对不同环境介质中的微塑料展开调查，其中，太湖表层水体样品中检测到的微塑料丰度最高达到6.8×106个/km2，是世界淡水湖泊中已发现的最高水平，沉积物中微塑料丰度最高达到234.6个/kg干重[6]。……