得阅读者得英语。高考英语阅读理解主要考查考生理解文章主旨要义、理解文中具体信息、根据上下文推断词义、根据短文判断和推理、理解文章的基本结构以及理解作者的意图与态度等方面的能力。其设题主要包括细节理解题、推理判断题、词义猜测题和主旨大意题。

1.细节理解题：这类试题考查考生对文中某一细节或重要事实的辨认、理解。因此，考生应该首先阅读短文 （特别是广告、说明文等） 后面的问题，找出“key words”，确定所需查找的细节及事实的范围，然后利用略读法快速确定文中的相应出处，并对其进行转换、加工，直至确定最佳答案。

2.推理判断题属于主观性极强的高层次阅读理解题。做这类题目时，要严格依据作者所陈述的细节、事实以及作者的措词，找出能够表露作者思想倾向和感情色彩的词语，然后利用自己已获得的相关知识进行推理判断，从而得出符合逻辑的结论。应注意：当问及作者的看法、意图与态度时，不是在问你作为中国学生的想法，而是作者本人在字里行间所表述的观点。推理判断题又可细分成四大类：推断隐含意义，题干中通常含有infer， suggest， imply， conclude， indicate等标志性词语;推断作者观点或态度，题干中含有attitude towards...;according to the author;think...等;推断写作目的，关键词有purpose， intention， aim， goal等;推断文章出处，题干含有be taken from， appear， a part of等。

3.词义猜测题主要是找准关键词，如：定义或解释说明be， be called， means， as... as...， that is to say， refer to， in other words; 对比关系but， however， yet， otherwise， while， though， instead of 等;因果关系because， since， as， for， due to， so， therefore， so... that， such... that， thus等;平行结构、同义词、近义词or， and， like， as... as， the same as等;举例法such， such as， like， for example， for instance等;根據生活经验， 生活常识，逻辑推理;根据生词所在的上下文猜测词义;根据常见的前缀，词根和后缀进行猜词。

4.主旨判断题的范围一般包括：短文标题、主题、大意或段落大意等。做这类题目时，要迅速地剔除文中的细节事实、作者所使用的论据，找到各段的主题句，然后进行归纳、总结和概括。但要注意：概括出来的中心意思一定要能够覆盖全文或整个段落，绝对不可离题太远、太笼统，或者只概括一段或几句话的意思。

总之，解题时一定要力求情绪平稳，不要一味追求速度而影响理解的准确性;不要拘泥于一词一句的理解;不要遇到不懂的地方就反复读，影响阅读速度。遇到生词或看不懂的地方先做个记号，继续看下去，因为一些疑难点往往会在下文中得到解决。

请看下面的一篇文章：

Suppose you become a leader in an organization. Its very likely that youll want to have volunteers to help with the organizations activities. To do so， it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work.

Lets begin with the question of why people volunteer. Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved. For example， people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness， to expand their range of experiences， and to strengthen social relationships. If volunteer positions do not meet these needs， people may not wish to participate. To select volunteers， you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract.

People also volunteer because they are required to do so. To increase levels of community service， some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs. Unfortunately， these programs can shift peoples wish of participation from an internal factor （e.g.， “I volunteer because its important to me”） to an external factor （e.g.， “I volunteer because Im required to do so”）. When that happens， people become less likely to volunteer in the future. People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a must.

Once people begin to volunteer， what leads them to remain in their positions over time？ To answer this question， researchers have conducted followup studies in which they track volunteers over time. For instance， one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year. One of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions. Although this result may not surprise you， it leads to important practical advice. The researchers note that attention should be given to “training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience”.

Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which people view “volunteer” as an important social role. It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work. Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by responding to statements such as “Volunteering in Hospital is an important part of who I am.” Consistent with the researchers expectations， they found a positive correlation（正相關） between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer. These results， once again， lead to concrete advice， “Once an individual begins volunteering， continued efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity... Items like Tshirts that allow volunteers to be recognized publicly for their contributions can help strengthen role identity”.

1. People volunteer mainly out of    .

A. academic requirements

B. social expectations

C. financial rewards

D. internal needs

【解析】 D。考查细节理解。根据文章的第二段和第三段可知，人们做志愿者主要是由于志愿者岗位要求能够满足他们自身的需求，故选D。

2. What is the best title of the passage？

A. How to Get People to Volunteer

B. How to Study Volunteer Behaviors

C. How to Keep Volunteers Interest

D. How to Organize Volunteer Activities

【解析】 A。考查标题判断。本文主要探讨了如何使人们愿意去做志愿者。根据全文内容尤其是第一段中“To do so， it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work”可知，本文讲述如何鼓励人们去做志愿者。

小试牛刀

If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars， we would go in darkness happily， the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal （夜间活动的） species on this planet. Instead， we are diurnal creatures， with eyes adapted to living in the suns light. This is a basic evolutionary fact， even though most of us dont think of ourselves as diurnal beings. Yet its the only way to explain what weve done to the night： Weve engineered it to receive us by filling it with light.

The benefits of this kind of engineering come with consequences—called light pollution—whose effects scientists are only now beginning to study. Light pollution is largely the result of bad lighting design， which allows artificial light to shine outward and upward into the sky. Illdesigned lighting washes out the darkness of night and completely changes the light levels—and light rhythms—to which many forms of life， including ourselves， have adapted. Wherever human light spills into the natural world， some aspect of life is affected.

In most cities the sky looks as though it has been emptied of stars， leaving behind a vacant haze （霾） that mirrors our fear of the dark. Weve grown so used to this orange haze that the original glory of an unlit night—dark enough for the planet Venus to throw shadows on Earth—is wholly beyond our experience， beyond memory almost.

Weve lit up the night as if it were an unoccupied country， when nothing could be further from the truth. Among mammals alone， the number of nocturnal species is astonishing. Light is a powerful biological force， and on many species it acts as a magnet （磁鐵）. The effect is so powerful that scientists speak of songbirds and seabirds being “captured” by searchlights on land or by the light from gas flares on marine oil platforms. Migrating at night， birds tend to collide with brightly lit tall buildings.

Frogs living near brightly lit highways suffer nocturnal light levels that are as much as a million times brighter than normal， throwing nearly every aspect of their behavior out of joint， including their nighttime breeding choruses. Humans are no less trapped by light pollution than the frogs. Like most other creatures， we do need darkness. Darkness is as essential to our biological welfare， to our internal clockwork， as light itself.

Living in a glare of our own making， we have cut ourselves off from our evolutionary and cultural heritage—the light of the stars and the rhythms of day and night. In a very real sense， light pollution causes us to lose sight of our true place in the universe， to forget the scale of our being， which is best measured against the dimensions of a deep night with the Milky Way—the edge of our galaxy—arching overhead.

【文章大意】 随着现代社会的发展，城市光污染已经成为越来越严重的一个问题，它给人类和其他生物的生存带来了负面影响，此现象正在被科学家们关注。

1. The writer mentions birds and frogs to   .

A. provide examples of animal protection

B. show how light pollution affects animals

C. compare the living habits of both species

D. explain why the number of certain species has declined

【解析】 B。考查推理判断。联系第四、五段的内容可知，作者列举鸟类和青蛙的例子是为了说明光污染给动物带来的危害，因此选B。

2. What might be the best title for the passage？

A. The Magic Light.

B. The Orange Haze.

C. The Disappearing Night.

D. The Rhythms of Nature.

【解析】 C。考查标题判断。结合全文可知，本文主要围绕光污染这个话题展开，本该没有光的黑夜却被人造光充斥着，这对动物和人类都造成了危害。所以选C项为文章标题比较贴切。

（作者：毛春霞，江苏省泰州市第三高级中学）