康海珍

全国卷从2014年开始采用语法填空，该题要求考生先阅读一篇约200词的短文，然后在10个空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。10个空白处，通常有7处是给出单词，让考生根据语境用括号内所给单词的正确形式填空，有三处是没有给出提示词，而这三处填的词一般为冠词、介词、连词和代词（到目前为止只考了it）。笔者分析了2014到2019年的全国卷，发现多达11份试卷考查了冠词的用法，比重相当大。具体如下：

2014～2019年语法填空中考查冠词用法的题目：

1.（2019全国Ⅰ卷）Of _____ nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations， three are declining ...

2.（2017全国Ⅱ卷）This included digging up the road， laying the track and then building a strong roof over_____top.

3.（2018全国Ⅲ卷）Unexpectedly， Im face-to-face with the gorilla， who begins screaming at _____ top of her lungs.

4.（2017全国Ⅲ卷）Instead， she is earning ￡6，500 a day as_____ model in New York.

5.（2016全国Ⅱ卷）Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for _____ while， exercising， or doing something you enjoy.

6. （2019全国Ⅱ卷）When we got a call saying she was short-listed， we thought it was _____ joke.

7.（2014全国Ⅰ卷）Now， years later， this river is one of _____ most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.

8.（2015全国Ⅱ卷）The adobe dwellings（土坯房）built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even_____ most modern of architects and engineers.

9.（2016全国Ⅰ卷）The nursery team switches him every fewdays with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed， _____ other is with mum — she never suspects.

10.（2017全国Ⅰ卷）As_____result， people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.

11.（2018全国Ⅱ卷）Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over _____ past 25 years， while rice has increased only 7 percent.

（答案：1. the  2. the  3. the  4. a  5. a  6. the  7. a  8. the  9. the  10. The  11. a）

以上11道题中，1～3题是定冠词表示特指;4～6题是不定冠词表示泛指，意为“一个/段”等;7～8题是形容词的最高级前面用the;第9题是固定搭配（one ... the other）;第10～11题是固定词组。

分析完2014年到2019年语法填空对冠词的考查情况后，我们来分析2014到2019的短文改错，考查冠词的题多达12处。具体如下：

2014～2019年短文改错中考查冠词用法的题目：

1.（2015全国Ⅱ卷）A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside a shop.

2.（2017全国Ⅲ卷）Around me in picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time， car magazines and musical instruments.

3.（2016全国Ⅰ卷）My uncle says that he never dreams of becoming rich in the short period of time.

4. （2019全國Ⅰ卷）Suddenly football fell just in front of me but almost hit me.

5.（2018全国Ⅱ卷）As the kid， I loved to watch cartoons， but no matter how many times I asked to watching them， my parents would not to let me.

6.（2014全国Ⅱ卷）There are all kinds of the flowers and trees around the classroom buildings.

7.（2017全国Ⅱ卷）They live far from the school， and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day.

8. （2019全国Ⅲ卷）Each of my cafes will have a different theme and an unique style.

9.（2017全国Ⅰ卷）I still remember how hard first day was.

10.（2015全国Ⅰ卷）Now I am living in a city， but I miss my home incountryside.

11.（2018全国Ⅰ卷）During my last winter holiday， I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents.

12.（2016全国Ⅱ卷）But in that case， we will learn little about world.

13.（2014全国Ⅰ卷）As result， the plants are growing somewhere.

14.（2016全国Ⅲ卷）At the first， I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by yourself.

（答案：1. a改为the 2. picture前加the 3. the改为a 4. football前加a 5. the改为a 6. 删除flowers前的the 7. hour前的a改为an 8. unique前的an改为a 9. first前加the或my 10. countryside前加the 11. countryside前加the  12. world前加the 13. result前加a 14.删除first前的the）

以上14道中，1～2题考查the表示特指;3～5题考查a表示泛指，“一段/个”;第6题是复数名词表示泛指，其前面不用冠词;第7～8题考查a与an的用法区别;9～12题考查习惯搭配，序数词前或countryside， world， same等词前习惯上要加the;13～14是固定词组中的冠词，as a result中用不定冠词，at first中用零冠词。

鉴于高考对as a result， at first， over the past 25 years， one...the other， the world， the countryside等固定词组或习惯搭配中冠词的考查，笔者把高中阶段出现频率较高的零冠词短语、含有不定冠词的短語和含有定冠词的短语整理出来，方便考生学习、理解、记忆、运用。

一、零冠词短语

介词+最高级（含last）

1. at last最后

2. at first 最初

3. at least 至少

4. at most至多

5. at worst 在最坏的情况下

6. at best 在最好的情况下

7. at first glance / sight乍一看

介词+名词

1. at desk 在办公

2. at hand 在近处;即将到来

3. at leisure 闲暇时

4. at church在做礼拜

5. at home在家中

6. at present目前

7. at school 在上课

8. at table 在吃饭

9. at war 在交战

10. beyond description 无法形容

11. by accident / chance 偶然

12. by coincidence 巧合地

13. by means of ...  通过……，借助于……

14. from time to time=now and then 不时，偶尔

15. in addition （to ...） 除了……之外

16. in common 共同的

17. in case of ... 以防……

18. in danger 在危险中

19. in need of ... 需要……

20. in order 整齐，有序

21. in other words 换句话说

22. in favor of ... 赞成……

23. in search of ...  搜索……

24. in public 公开地，当众

25. in trouble 处于困境中

26. in vain徒劳

27. in good/ poor condition 状况很好/坏

28. in ruins 严重受损

29. in rags 衣衫褴褛

30. in time 及时

31. on purpose=by design 故意地

32. on account of ...=because of ... 因为……

33. on behalf of ... 代表……

34. on fire 着火

35. on sale 廉价出售

36. in person 亲自

37. by letter 通过信件

38. for example/ instance 例如

39. for sale 在售

与动词构成搭配

1. be free of charge 免费

2. burst into tears/ laughter=burst out crying/ laughing 突然哭/笑起来

3. bring ... back to life 使……复活

4. come back to life 復苏

5. bring ... into effect使……生效

6. come into being 形式

7. come into use开始使用

8. come to power 当权，上台

9. get into trouble 陷入困境

10. get/ keep/ lose in touch取得/保持/失去联系

11. give birth to ... 生育……

12. have fun（with ...）=have a good time玩得开心

13. have/ lose faith in ... 对……有/失去信心

14. have/ get/ obtain/ gain access to ... 可以接近……

15. keep/ bear ... in mind 记得……

16. keep sb. company 陪伴某人

17. feel at home 感觉自在

18. fall in love with ... 爱上……

19. make room for ... 给……滕地方

20. take part（in ...） 参与……

21. pay attention to ... 注意……

22. make use of ... 利用……

23. take possession of ...占用……

二、含不定冠词短语

与数量有关的短语

1.a bit of ... 一点……

2. a few 一些……（注：few很少，几乎没有）

3. a great deal of 大量……

4. a little 一点……（注：little很少，几乎没有）

5. a lot of ... =lots of ... 很多……

6. a number of ... 很多……（注：the number of ...  ……的数目）

与时间有关的短语

1. a moment ago 一会前

2. half an hour半个小时

3. after a time 一段时间后

4. after a while 一会儿后

5. once in a while 偶尔

6. for a time 暂时，一度

7. once upon a time 从前

8. in a flash 片刻，瞬间

9. in an instant 立刻

10. in a moment 立刻

与方式等有关的短语

1.a waste of ... 浪费……

2. a great / good many 许多……

3. as a rule 通常

4. as a result 结果

5. as a result of ... 因为……

6. as a matter of fact 事实上

7. at a price of... 以……的价格

8. At a speed of... 以……的速度

9. all of a sudden 突然

10. in a word 总而言之

11. in a hurry 匆忙地

12. many a / an ... 许多……

13. with a smile 微笑着

与动词构成搭配

1. come to an end 结束

2. do a good deed 做好事

3. do sb. a favor 帮某人忙

4. earn / make a/ ones living 谋生

5. have a gift/talent for ... 在……有天赋

6. have a good time 玩得高兴

7. have a knowledge of ... 掌握……

8. have a cold/ cough/ fever/ headache/ pain 感冒/咳嗽/发烧/头疼/疼痛

9. have a try=give it a try 尝试一下

10. have a taste of ... 品尝……，体验……

11. have a preference for ... 偏爱……

12. have a talk 谈话

13. have / take a rest/ break 休息

14. have / take a seat 就坐

15. keep an eye on ... 密切关注……

16. lend / give sb. a hand 给别人帮忙

17. make an apology 道歉

18. pay a visit to ... 拜访……

三、含定冠词短语

与时间有关的短语

1. in the morning/ afternoon/ evening/ night 在上午/下午/傍晚/晚上

（注：at dawn， at dust， at noon， at night， at midnight）

2. at the age of ...=at age ... 在……岁时

3. at the moment 此刻

4. at the same time 同时

5. at the beginning / end of ... 在……开始/结束时

6. all the year round 整年

7. by the end of ... 在……结束时

8. in the middle of ... 在……的中间

9. in the end 最终，最后

10. in the 1990s / 1990s 在20世紀90年代

11. in the meantime 同时

12. in the long / short run/term 长期/短期而言

13. in the month of March=in March 在三月

14. in the year of 1999=in 1999 在1999年

15. on the eve of ... 在……的前夕

16. the day after tomorrow 后天

17. the day before yesterday 前天

18. the other day 前几天

表示地点、场所

1. at the top / bottom of ... 在……顶/底部

2. at the foot of ... 在……脚下

3. from all over the world 来自全世界

4. in the middle of ... 在…中间

5. in the front of ... 在……（内部）的前面

（in front of ... 在……（外部）的前面）

6. in the light 在亮处

7. in the dark 在暗处

8. in the countryside 在农村

9. in the sun 在阳光下

10. in the shade 在荫处

11. in the rain 在雨中

12. in the distance 在远处

13. on the right / left 在右边/左边

14. on the way to ... 在去……的路上

表示方式等短语

1. all the best 一切顺利

2. by the way 顺便说一下

3. in the possession of ... 为…所有

（注：in possession of ... 拥有……）

4. in the charge of ... 由……负责

（注：in charge of ... 负责……）

5. on the one hand...on the other hand 一方面……另一方面

6. on the contrary 相反地

7. on the whole=as a whole 大体而言

8. on the scene 在现场

9. the rest of ... 其余的……

10. the+比较级，the+比较级越……越……

11. the+形容词表示一类人

与动词构成搭配

1. burn sth. to the ground 把全部焚烧

2. get the hang of ... 掌握……的要领

（have a good command of ... 精通……）

3. make the bed 铺床

4. tell the truth 说实话

5. take the place of ... 取代（take place 发生）

责任编辑 蒋小青