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明代阁臣署理部事研究

2019-10-21刘学宾

兰台世界 2019年10期

摘 要

史书中对于明代大臣进入内阁表述为“以某部尚书(或侍郎)兼翰林学士(或殿阁大学士),入阁预机务”,其中入阁阁臣所兼的尚书都是显示地位的虚衔。但是,在明代的阁臣中,江渊、焦芳、方献夫、严嵩、徐阶、严讷、高拱、孙承宗和杨嗣昌九人,都以阁臣兼尚书并实际管理所兼任的部门。明朝在初期便形成了内阁不能干预六部事务的传统,以上阁臣在不同时期署理部事,引起了官僚集体的很大反应。关注阁臣兼管部事以及其他官员对此的反应,可以看出明代政治运行中的一些价值取向。

关键词

明代 内阁 阁臣 署部事

Abstract History books describe the ministersentry into the cabinet in Ming Dynasty as "Shangshu (or Shilang) and Hanlin Scholar (or Diange Scholar) joining the cabinet for government affairs", and Shangshu is only a nominal title to show status. But among the cabinet members in Ming Dynasty, Jiang Yuan, Jiao Fang, Fang Xianfu, Yan Song, Xu Jie, Yan Ne, Gao Gong, Sun Chengzong and Yang Sichang all held both the titles of cabinet member and Shangshu and actually managed the ministries. In the early Ming Dynasty, there was a tradition that the Cabinet could not interfere in the affairs of six ministries, so these cabinet membersserving as ministers in different periods aroused great response from the bureaucrats. The response of cabinet members/ministers and other officials can show some value orientations in the political operation of Ming Dynasty.

Keyword Ming Dynasty; cabinet; cabinet member; minister

明代的內阁,在成立之初被看作是皇帝的秘书班子,并没有被看成是正式的权力机构。永乐时期“入内阁者皆编、检、讲读之官,不置官署,不得专制诸司。诸司奏事,亦不得相关白”[1]1734,此时内阁的地位并没有多么的重要。后来阁臣通常加尚书衔以彰显其地位,并不代表这位阁臣要对所兼的部的具体事务负责任。但是也存在例外,根据《明史·宰辅年表》记载,江渊、焦芳、方献夫、严嵩、徐阶、严讷、高拱、孙承宗和杨嗣昌九人在内阁预机务之时,对其所兼的部门具有“视部事”或者“署部事”的责任。

一、江渊:阁臣斗争,出阁理事

最早阁臣署理六部事务的是景泰时期的江渊。江渊于景泰元年(1450)以刑部左侍郎兼翰林学士,入阁预机务。在景泰六年(1455)正月晋为太子少师兼工部尚书,署理工部事。江渊能以阁臣兼工部尚书署理部事,其实是内阁阁臣相互斗争倾轧的结果。……

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