摘 要

湖南益阳兔子山遗址出土秦二世元年十月甲午诏书为进一步厘清秦二世时期的历史问题具有重要文献价值，特别是对秦亡原因的传统史学观点加以反思。诏书指出胡亥当政时期并不完全是司马迁、贾谊等人所说的法令与吏治刻深、“赋敛无度”“百姓困穷而主弗收恤”等情况，而是重视赦免罪人，“德惠”吏、民。秦王朝灭亡的主要原因是关东民心不安，尚未完全归附于秦，而不完全为“天下苦秦”所致。

关键词

秦二世 诏书 律令 “德惠” 秦亡原因

Abstract The Imperial Edict Issued on Jiawu Day of the Tenth Month in the First Year of Qins Second Emperor has important literature value to clarify the historical problems in the period of the second emperor of Qin Dynasty and to reflect upon the traditional opinions on the reasons for the demise of Qin Dynasty. According to this imperial edict， it was not that during the rule of Hu Hai the law and governance were very severe and cruel， the government charged excessive taxes， the people were impoverished and the emperor didnt care about them as Sima Qian and Jia Yi said， but that the government attached great importance to pardoning sinners， giving benefits to officials and people. Qin's demise was not totally because people hated Qin governance， but because Guandong people were restless and not entirely allegiant to Qin.

Keyword second emperor of Qin Dynasty; imperial edict; laws and decrees; benefit; reasons for the demise of Qin Dynasty

2016年，《湖南益陽兔子山遗址九号井发掘简报》正式公布出土《秦二世元年十月甲午诏书》[1]，陈伟先生对文本释读提出不同意见[2]，何有祖先生进一步作出补释[3]，综合而言，诏书文本可释读为：“天下失始皇帝，皆遽恐悲哀甚，朕奉遗诏。今宗庙事及箸（书）以明至治大功德者具矣，律令当除定者毕矣。以元年与黔首更始，尽为解除故罪，令皆已下矣。朕将自抚天下，吏、黔首其具行事，毋以繇赋扰黔首，毋以细物苛劾县吏。亟布。以元年十月甲午下，十一月戊午到守府。”据此诏书可再探讨秦朝二世而亡的原因问题。

一、始皇之死与天下形势

诏书说：“天下失始皇帝，皆遽恐悲哀甚”，是谈秦始皇死后天下的形势。“遽恐”一词值得注意。《汉语大字典》解释“遽”为“惊慌”，《说文》曰：“恐，惧也”。“遽恐”就是惊慌恐惧的意思。天下因失秦始皇而惊慌恐惧缘于两个因素。

1.“远方黔首未集。”秦始皇三十五年（前212），长子扶苏谏始皇咸阳坑儒时说：“天下初定，远方黔首未集，诸生皆诵法孔子，今上皆重法绳之。……