郭铖

摘要：在现代英语里，用作定语从句的先行词一般为名词。此外，还可以是不定代词，人称代词，疑问代词或指示代词等。

（一）代词先行词

一、用作先行词的不定代词

1、表示物的不定代词如：everything，anything，nothing， much，little等用作定语从句的先行词时，企管系代词一般用作that （常可省略）。例如：

There was nothing that a beetle could have lunch upon.（Dickens）

连甲虫的中餐也没有什么东西可吃。

I was much that was bad.

我见过许多坏东西。

在现代英语里，先行词如果是something，其关系代词也可用which，例如：

They seemed to be eating something which they had cooked on the fire.（SEFCBIP.191）

There is something which＼that keeps worrying me.

有一件事老使我不安。

2、表示人的不定代词如somebody，anybody，everybody，nobody等用作定语从句的先行词时，其关系代词既可用that，又可用who，例如：

I need someone who＼that can do the work quickly.

我希望有个办事利索的人。

Have you met anybody who＼that has been to America？

你遇见过去过美国的人吗？

3、有些不定代词如one，all，few，none等，既可指人，也可指物。指人时，其关系代词可用who或that，指物时，一般用that，例如：

There are few who＼that have not heard of the Long March.

很少人没听说过长征。

Say all that you know and say it without reserve.

知无不言，言无不尽。

One who＼that does not trouble about his personal comfort is always respected.

不计较个人安逸的人总是受人尊敬。

As long as you stand up to the difficulties there are none that cannot be overcome.

只要敢于同困难作斗争，那就没有克服不了的困难。

二、用作先行词的人称代词

用作先行词的的人称代词一般为he，且常用于谚语，格言中，其关系代词既可用who，又可用that，其中以who最为常见。例如：

He who sees what is right and does not do it is in want of courage.

见义不为无勇也。

He who knows others is learned and he who knows himself is wise.

知人者智，自知者明。

有时其他人称代词也是可以用作先行词的。例如：

They who live longest will see most.

寿命最长，见识最广。

三、用作先行词的疑问代词

用作先行词的疑问代词一般为who和what，其关系代词常用that，例如：

Who that met premier Zhou was not impressed by his simplicity？

见过周总理的人谁不深深感到周总理平易近人吗？

What that you have written in your composition is wonderful.

四、用作先行词的指示代词

用作先行词的指示代词一般为that，those，same，such既可指人，也可指物。Those指人时，其关系代词多用who，也可用that；指物时，多用which，也可用that，例如：

He admires those who succeed.（Quirk）他羨慕那些获得成功的人。

They are those that we love.他们是我们所喜爱的人。

The paintings of yours are more famous than those which you painted in France.（Leech）你现在画的画比你在法国时所画的要著名些。

same，such用作先行词时，其关系代词只能用as，例如：

The weight of an object in space is not the same as its weighe on the surface of the earth.一个物体在太空中的重量与在地面上的不同。

UItrasonic sound is such as is inaudible to human ear.超音速的声音是这样一种人耳听不见的声音。

（二）疑难关系代词

五、that，as，but疑难关系代词

定语从句所修饰的先行词指人或指物时，其关系代词也是相应的使用who，that或which，但是当下列词语作为先行词时，应注意关系代词的选择。

1、下列几种情况使用关系代词that

1）当先行词是不定代词all，few，little，much，none，any时，通常用that作关系代词，而不用which，例如：

All that can be done must be done.＼Only the scientist could understand all that this permit meant.

当先行词指人时，关系代词还用who，例如：

All who heard the story were amazed.＼This book contains much that is useful.＼She saw much that was bad.

There is none that dose not agree with us.没有一个人不同意我们。

2）当先行词为some，any，no等结构的不定代词时，关系代词用that不用which，例如：

You will miss something that may be important，（SB3p.55）＼Is there anything that I can do for you in town.

You must do everything that I do.（SBIAP.158）＼I am sure there is nothing that a woman cannot do.（SB1BP.17）但something作先行词时，关系代词也能用which，例如：

There is something which＼that keeps worrying me.

3）当指物的先行词前有the very，（only，right...），no，any，all，every， little，some，much等修饰时，关系代词多用that，例如：

All the apples that had fallen down were eaten by the birds andpigs.

4）当先行词同时指人又指物时，关系代词用that。例如：

He had a look at the children and parcels that filled the truck and came into the room.（SB3AP.26）

5）当句子开头已有疑问词who，which，where等提问时，关系代词常用that。例如：

Who is the man that is reading the newspaper？（SB1AP.3）

2、下列情况使用as

1）当先行词被such，the same修饰时，关系代词要用as，从句子和主句中相同的成分均可省略。例如：

I should like to use the same instrument as is used in your lab.我想用你们实验室所有相同的仪器。

2）as用着关系代词时，能单独引导非限制性定语从句，as代替整个主句或主句的部分内容。例如：

The elephant is like a snake，as anybody can see.

3、下列情況使用but

在no＼nobody＼nothing＼none...that...but+句子结构中，but是关系代词，引导定语从句，并在从句中做主语，意思相当于who＼that...not。例如：

There is no man but（who dose not）knows the sun is larher than the earth.没有一个人知道太阳比地球大。

No one in the school but has visited（who has not visited）调和Great Wall.这所学校人人都参观过长城。