文/ Dr. Pierre S. Guertin 译/董方源

首届荷花节在南充市柳滩乡三角滩村举行，农民们销售的农产品吸引力众多游客

塑造村落的未来，为其制定发展计划，是一个系统的过程。以下谈一谈对规划进程具有指导意义的几个重点。

定义乡村和农民的新角色

乡村规划进程是以两种面貌作为起始点和参照点：前者是村落和所处区域的现状，后者是预期的未来面貌。就规划而言，这两者是互补的。鉴于村落发展问题的复杂性，人们首先要对区域、村落、居民、服务、商贸，以及重要活动和名胜的社会经济特点进行了解，更要清楚村落的劣势和壁垒。这两种情况都要通过对系统调查结果的分析才能得来。

通过调查，可勾勒出乡村现状的轮廓。要想将各方观点去粗取精，将乡村的潜力发掘出来，克服发展壁垒，各个社会团体都需对其进行了解。这是一种参与过程，但由于村民分布在村庄的各处，无法每次都参与到公开讨论中。然而要想提高村民的意识和意愿并取得成果，公开讨论活动是社区规划过程必不可少的一部分。

调查可以反映出乡村在区域内的角色，最好是一种向邻近的村镇或周边地区输出产品或服务并与之互补的经济角色。明确角色的下一步是创造经济活动。由于失业是困扰边缘乡村的长期性问题，应推荐劳动密集型的经济活动，这样能为村庄社区提供大量工作岗位。

在魁北克，我们将农民称作“大自然的看管者”。无疑，中国的村民也应扮演这一角色，甚至还应对自然和农村环境进行保护，并对村落的景观进行维持和改善。

打开乡村振兴的钥匙

中国有很多村庄的中心都有一条主干道，道路两旁分别有一排建筑。平遥具有这种传统的村中心结构，可作为其他村庄的范例。魁北克“主干道”（Rues Principales）计划的总体目标是复苏村中心，可借鉴该计划的原则对资产进行改进。这项计划要求店主们成立协会，旨在通过提高店铺整洁度、修复房屋、统一道旁建筑、管控标牌、组织街道时令活动几方面提升街道的吸引力。最近，我们为中国的一个村庄设计了主干道方案，将剧院、运动场和古建筑相结合。几年前，我们用这种方案对云南某村进行了改造，其他的乡村也可效仿。这种主干道重振计划能够刺激社区和商业的发展，并激发二者的潜能。

大自然看护者和人类活动管理者这两种角色都是国家可持续发展的核心。如果为中国乡村农民赋予这两项责任，他们会成为当地和区域社区的关键力量，并赢得应有的尊重。

要想让乡村和村民扮演好新角色，应为每一个边缘乡村制定优先发展的社区项目：一项具体可行，能为居民带来希望和梦想的项目，主要目标是为低就业率和低收入的地区创造工作岗位。

如果采纳以上方法，可参与国际“一村一品”运动，中国是该运动的正式成员国，我们也曾直接参与到其中。2005年，我们首次参加了在西安举办的国际“一村一品”研讨会，2016年，我们参加了在沽源和西吉举办的一系列研讨会。以农产品（渔业、手工艺等）转型为目标，这项运动促进每个边缘乡村从事独特的经济活动，将产品向区域和国内其他地区输出。“一村一品”同时推进劳动力密集型经济活动，为乡村经济发展量身制定目标。该运动提升了地区知名度，同时让村民对使用的空间和耕耘的土地产生价值意识。“一村一品”正不断取得成功。

改善当地发展条件是打开乡村成功发展之门的钥匙。要从两方面着手，第一，改善社会和社区的条件，包括对农民（技术）和村领导（管理）进行培训、改善基础服务（教育、医疗）、提高生活质量（社区活动、时令活动），以及提高环境意识（资源价值、生产空间等）等。第二，改善空间条件，如优化基础设施（道路、交通、水源分配、垃圾处理）、落实生产资产（农具、农场建筑）、提升村落吸引力（景观、整齐度、建筑和谐度）。

制定中国特色乡村发展计划

我们提议勾画乡村形象、确定乡村在地区的角色、明确农民的责任、对村中心进行改造、为社区选择重点项目、响应“一村一品”号召，并对居住条件的标准和方式进行提升，这七重任务大大加重了村落社区的工作量。那么应由谁来承担这一重任？显然，社区成员和负责人需达成共识，共同完成任务。

由于中国各地区的文化和环境千差万别。应从方法论的角度确立乡村振兴过程，换句话说，问题不在于实现具体目标（比如一个示范村落），而是找出实现的方法（比如一个过程）。

Shaping a village's future means in fact to plan its development. This development planning needs to be conceived as a systematic process. Here are some of the milestones of this planning process.

Defining New Role of Villages and Farmers

A village planning process needs to be initiated on the basis of two images to be used as starting and reference points: the image of the present state of the village and of its regional position, along with the image of its anticipated future.These two images are, planning-wise, complementary. Indeed, in view of addressing the complex question of a village's future, one needsfirst to know the socio-economic characteristics of its immediate region, of the village itself, of its inhabitants, of its services and trades, and of its main activities and attractions.Not to forget the villages's drawbacks and constraints. These factual images are obtained through a systematic survey completed by the analysis of the data collected.

The above should produce an interpretable portrait of the present state of the village. Such a portrait needs to be shared by the different social groups involved in order to extract and formalize common views over the village's constraints and potentials. This implies of course a participation process, a process which may be difficult for villagers sometimes spread over the village territory and unused to public discussion. Yet, such an activity is part of a community planning process if it wants to become more conscious and voluntary.

Out of the above survey, a reflection should be initiated to identify and define a role for the village in its region. We are thinking in terms of a specific and complementary economic role, preferably a role related to the production of goods or services liable to be exported to either a specific neighboring village or town or to the surrounding region. Defining a role leads to proposing the creation of economic activities. Since unemployment is usually seen as a chronic problem for marginal villages, it should be stressed that any new economic activity proposed should preferably be labor-intensive, that is, susceptible of providing numerous jobs for the village community.

In Québec, we like to say that “The farmer is the custodian of nature”.This role could easily be given to the Chinese villager; and in fact, this role could even be enlarged to include the safe-keeping of the natural and rural environments, along with the responsibility to up-keep and even to improve the village landscape.

Turning a Key to Success of Village Revitalizing

On this last question, many Chinese villages are structured by a central main street aligned with a two-sided row of buildings. Pingyao may be seen as an example of such a traditional village central organization which constitutes a major landscape opportunity for these villages. And this asset can be improved by using the principles of our “Main Streets” (Rues Principales) program in Québec whose general objective is to revitalize village centers. This program brings the store owners into an association which can then act upon street attractiveness: store neatness, building restoration, continuity of street constructions, sign control, easiness of access,occasional street events... As an example, we recently designed a central Chinese village area associating a theater, a sports field and an historical building. This approach can be easily applied to other Chinese villages like one village in Yunnan where we intervened a few years ago. Such a main street revitalization program stimulates the community and commercial forces and may free their latent potentials.

These roles, that of the custodian of nature and of human establishments,are at the core of national sustainability. If the Chinese farmer be given the above responsibilities for his own village, he would become a key actor in his local and regional communities, and duly respected for it.To complete the new role proposed for the village and its villagers, a community project could be elaborated for, and with, every marginal village designated for priority development: a well defined, concrete and feasible project and a project susceptible of creating hopes and dreams amid the inhabitants. Not to forget that such a village project should be oriented towards the creation of employment in areas witnessing a cruel lack of jobs and of revenues.

If the above approach be held, one could call on the International OVOP Movement (One Village, One Project) which is an International Movement of which China is a full member and in which we have been directly involved,first during the International OVOP Seminar in 2005 in Xi'An,and then with a series of Seminars given in Guyuan and Xiji in 2016. This Movement fosters, for every marginal village, the creation of a specific economic activity mainly oriented towards the transformation of agricultural (fishery, handicraft...) products for regional or national export. It also fosters that the new activity be labor-intensive, an objective well-fitted for developing village economics. And such a project, producing locally high visibility, should also create strong local commitment, while stimulating in the villagers a sense of value for the space they use and for the land they till. OVOP has been crowned with continuous success.

There is a major key used to unlock some doors leading to successful village development: it spells acting upon the local development conditions.These are of two types. First, the social and community conditions, out of which the following emerge: training of farmers (technical) and of Leader(managerial); basic services improvement (education, health); village life enhancement (community activities, seasonal events); environmental awareness (value of resources, of production space)... Second, the physical and spatial conditions, as for instance: improvement of infrastructures(roads, community transportation, water distribution, wastes disposal);actualization of production assets (farm equipment, farmstead buildings);enhancement of village attractiveness (landscape, neatness, architectural harmony).

Designing a Chinese Mode for Village Revival Plan

So, we now proposed to elaborate a contextual village portrait, a role for the village in its region, a responsibility for the farmer, the renovation of the village center, a priority project for the community, an OVOP approach, an improvement of the standard and style of the living conditions.This sevenfold task represents quite a heavy workload for a village community. Whose responsibility should it be to achieve this huge program?It now seems evident that this responsibility lies jointly in the hands of the community members and of its revival promoters, as long as a consensual vision develops for such an endeavor. How?

With such diversified regions as those of China, with its thousands of local rural cultures and environments, the question can hardly be formulated.But, it seems that the appropriate tool to set the process of village rejuvenation in motion can be spelled in methodological terms. In other words,the question is not so much to know what to achieve (a model village) as to know how to approach the challenge of achieving it (a process).