林倩梅

本文匯集2014年以来的全国课标卷中含主旨要义题的阅读理解，供考生练习之用。请重点关注每篇文章是否有能体现全文主旨的主题句，如果有，在哪一句，在文中什么位置，请在文中标出来，如果没有，就请你自己归纳总结。

解题的基本方法是，找主题句，将主题句与各选项对比，然后选出正确选项。如果没有主题句，可根据全文内容，逐一排除错误选项，排出那些无中生有的选项，以偏概全的选项，等等。

阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

（一）

（2018年全国Ⅲ卷B篇） Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are， like a nearby port or river. People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade. New York City， for example， is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River. Over 300 years its population grew gradually from 800 people to 8 million. But not all cities develop slowly over a long period of time. Boom towns grow from nothing almost overnight. In 1896， Dawson， Canada， was unmapped wilderness（荒野）. But gold was discovered there in 1897， and two years later， it was one of the largest cities in the West， with a population of 30，000.

Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or Paris. People went there for gold. They travelled over snow-covered mountains are sailed hundreds of miles up icy rivers. The path to Dawson was covered with thirty feet of wet snow that could fall without warning. An avalanche（雪崩） once closed the path， killing 63 people. For many who made it to Dawson， however， the rewards were worth the difficult trip. Of the first 20，000 people who dug for gold， 4，000 got rich. About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.

But no matter how rich they were， Dawson was never comfortable. Necessities like food and wood were very expensive. But soon， the gold that Dawson depended on had all been found. The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in setting down， and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska， they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come. Today， people still come and go to see where the Canadian gold rush happened. Tourism is now the chief industry of Dawson City-its present population is 762.

1. What attracted the early settlers to New York City？

A. Its business culture.

B. Its small population.

C. Its geographical position.

D. Its favourable climate

2. What do we know about those who first dug for gold in Dawson？

A. Two-thirds of them stayed there.

B. One out of five people got rick.

C. Almost everyone gave up

D. Half of them died.

3. What was the main reason for many people to leave Dawson？

A. They found the city too crowded.

B. They wanted to try their luck elsewhere.

C. They were unable to stand the winter.

D. They were shot of food.

4. What is the text mainly about？

A. The rise and fall of a city

B. The gold rush in Canada.

C. Journeys into the wilderness.

D. Tourism in Dawson.

（二）

（2017年全国Ⅲ卷C篇） After years of heated debate， gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park. Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park. By last year， the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves.

Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States， but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s， wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada， where there were fewer humans around.

The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations—major food sources（來源）for the wolf—grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation（植被）， which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves， coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the parks red foxes， and completely drove away the parks beavers.

As early as 1966， biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park. They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems. Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets.

The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolves. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. Today， the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone. Elk， deer， and coyote populations are down， while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback. The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.

1. What is the text mainly about？

A. Wildlife research in the United States.

B. Plant diversity in the Yellowstone area.

C. The conflict between farmers and gray wolves.

D. The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park.

2. What does the underlined word “displaced” in paragraph 2 mean？

A. Tested B. Separated.C. Forced out. D. Tracked down.

3. What did the disappearance of gray wolves bring about？

A. Damage to local ecology.

B. A decline in the parks income.

C. Preservation of vegetation.

D. An increase in the variety of animals.

4. What is the authors attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project？

A. Doubtful B. Positive C. Disapproving D. Uncaring

（三）

（2018年全國Ⅰ卷B篇）Good Morning Britains Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning， but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role–showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget.

In Save Money： Good Food， she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste， while preparing recipes for under ￡5 per family a day. And the Good Morning Britain presenter says shes been able to put a lot of what shes learnt into practice in her own home， preparing meals for sons， Sam， 14， Finn， 13， and Jack， 11.

“We love Mexican churros， so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant，”she explains.“I pay ￡5 for a portion（一份）， but Matt makes them for 26p a portion， because they are flour， water， sugar and oil. Everybody can buy takeaway food， but sometimes were not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves.”

The eight-part series（系列节目）， follows in the footsteps of ITVs Save Money： Good Health， which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market.

With food our biggest weekly household expense， Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tonights Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget. The team transforms the familys long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes.

1. What do we know about Susanna Reid？

A. She enjoys embarrassing her guests.

B. She has started a new programme.

C. She dislikes working early in the morning.

D. She has had a tight budget for her family.

2. How does Matt Tebbutt help Susanna？

A. He buys cooking materials for her.

B. He prepares food for her kids.

C. He assists her in cooking matters.

D. He invites guest families for her.

3. What does the author intend to do in paragraph 4？

A. Summarize the previous paragraphs.

B. Provide some advice for the readers.

C. Add some background information.

D. Introduce a new topic for discussion.

4. What can be a suitable title for the text？

A. Keeping Fit by Eating Smart

B. Balancing Our Daily Diet

C. Making Yourself a Perfect Chef

D. Cooking Well for Less

（四）

（2018年全國Ⅱ卷D篇）Weve all been there： in a lift， in line at the bank or on an airplane， surrounded by people who are， like us， deeply focused on their smartphones or， worse， struggling with the uncomfortable silence.

Whats the problem？ Its possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence. Its more likely that none of us start a conversation because its awkward and challenging， or we think its annoying and unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers， consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say its an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits.

Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy， but we cant forget that deep relationships wouldnt even exist if it werent for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease（润滑剂）for social communication， says Bernardo Carducci， director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast.“Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk，”he explains.“The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others， not just communicate with them.”

In a 2014 study， Elizabeth Dunn， associate professor of psychology at UBC， invited people on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction（互动）with its waiter； the other， to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience. “Its not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband，”says Dunn.“But interactions with peripheral（边缘的）members of our social network matter for our well-being also.”

Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging， a bond with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk.“Small talk is the basis of good manners，”he says.

1. What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph？

A. Addiction to smartphones.

B. Inappropriate behaviours in public places.

C. Absence of communication between strangers.

D. Impatience with slow service.

2. What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci？

A. Showing good manners. B. Relating to other people.

C. Focusing on a topic. D. Making business deals.

3. What does the coffee-shop study suggest about small talk？

A. It improves family relationships.

B. It raises peoples confidence.

C. It matters as much as formal talk.

D. It makes people feel good.

4. What is the best title for the text？

A. Conversation Counts B. Ways of Making Small Talk

C. Benefits of Small Talk D. Uncomfortable Silence

（五）

（2017年全國Ⅲ卷D篇）The Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile laboratory named“DriveLAB”in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are.

Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and well-being among older people， leading to them becoming more isolated（隔绝）and inactive.

Led by Professor Phil Blythe， the Newcastle team are developing in-vehicle technologies for older drivers which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life.

These include custom-made navigation（导航）tools， night vision systems and intelligent speed adaptations. Phil Blythe explains：“For many older people， particularly those living alone or in the country， driving is important for preserving their independence， giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others.

“But we all have to accept that as we get older our reactions slow down and this often results in people avoiding any potentially challenging driving conditions and losing confidence in their driving skills. The result is that people stop driving before they really need to.”

Dr Amy Guo， the leading researcher on the older driver study， explains：“The DriveLAB is helping us to understand what the key stress points and difficulties are for older drivers and how we might use technology to address these problems.

“For example， most of us would expect older drivers always go slower than everyone else but surprisingly， we found that in 30mph zones they struggled to keep at a constant speed and so were more likely to break the speed limit and be at risk of getting fined. Were looking at the benefits of systems which control their speed as a way of preventing that.

“We hope that our work will help with technological solutions （解决方案）to ensure that older drivers stay safer behind the wheel.”

1. What is the purpose of the DriveLAB？

A. To explore new means of transport.

B. To design new types of cars.

C. To find out older drivers problems.

D. To teach people traffic rules.

2. Why is driving important for older people according to Phil Blythe？

A. It keeps them independent.

B. It helps them save time.

C. It builds up their strength.

D. It cures their mental illnesses.

3. What do researchers hope to do for older drivers？

A. Improve their driving skills.

B. Develop driver-assist technologies.

C. Provide tips on repairing their cars.

D. Organize regular physical checkups.

4. What is the best title for the text？

A. A New Model Electric Car

B. A Solution to Traffic Problems

C. Driving Services for Elders

D. Keeping Older Drivers on the Road

（六）

（2016年全國Ⅰ卷D篇）The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups. Silences may be thoughtful， or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say. A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness， or worry. Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable； therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap（间隙）with conversation. Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a persons needs.

Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people， just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore， when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops， what may be implied（暗示）is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing. In these cultures， silence is a call for reflection.

Other cultures may use silence in other ways， particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power. For example， Russian， French， and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic udner discussion. However， Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her. In still another use， persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect， particularly to an elder or a person in authority.

Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be expericencing. Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patients silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily. A nurse who understands the healing（治愈）value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.

1. What does the author say about silence in conversations？

A. It implies anger. B. It promotes friendship.

C. It is culture-specific. D. It is content-based.

2. Which of the following people might regard silence as a call for careful thought？

A. The Chinese B. The French

C. The Mexicans D. The Russians

3. What does the author advise nurses to do about silence？

A. Let it continue as the patient pleases.

B. Break it while treating patients.

C. Evaluate its harm to patients.

D. Make use of its healing effects.

4. What may be the best title for the text？

A. Sound and Silence

B. What It Means to Be Silent

C. Silence to Native Americans

D. Speech Is Silver； Silence Is Gold

（七）

（2016年全国Ⅲ卷D篇） Bad news sells. If it bleeds， it leads. No news is good news， and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers. But now that information is being spread and monitored（監控）in different ways， researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking peoples e-mails and online posts， scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.

“The‘if it bleedsrule works for mass media，”says Jonah Berger， a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania.“They want your eyeballs and dont care how youre feeling. But when you share a story with your friends， you care a lot more how they react. You dont want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.”

Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication—e-mails， Web posts and reviews， face-to-face conversations—found that it tended to be more positive than negative（消极的）， but that didnt necessarily mean people preferred positive news. Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things？ To test for that possibility， Dr. Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories： thousands of articles on The New York Times website. He and a Penn colleague analyzed the“most e-mailed”list for six months. One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non-science articles. He found that science amazed Times readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others.

Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny， or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety， but not articles that left them merely sad. They needed to be aroused （激發）one way or the other， and they preferred good news to bad. The more positive an article， the more likely it was to be shared， as Dr. Berger explains in his new book，“Contagious： Why Things Catch On.”

1. What do the classic rules mentioned in the text apply to？

A. News reports. B. Research papers.

C. Private e-mails. D. Daily conversations.

2.What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer？

A. Theyre socially inactive.

B. Theyre good at telling stories.

C. Theyre inconsiderate of others.

D. Theyre careful with their words.

3. Which tended to be the most e-mailed according to Dr. Bergers research？

A. Sports news. B. Science articles

C. Personal accounts. D. Financial reviews.

4. What can be a suitable title for the text？

A. Sad Stories Travel Far and Wide

B. Online News Attracts More People

C. Reading Habits Change with the Times

D. Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks

（八）

（2014年全国Ⅱ卷A篇）Arriving in Sydney on his own from India， my husband， Rashid， stayed in a hotel for a short time while looking for a house for me and our children.

During the first week of his stay， he went out one day to do some shopping. He came back in the late afternoon to discover that his suitcase was gone. He was extremely worried as the suitcase had all his important papers， including his passport.

He reported the case to the police and then sat there， lost and lonely in a strange city， thinking of the terrible troubles of getting all the paperwork organised again from a distant country while trying to settle down in a new one.

Late in the evening， the phone rang. It was a stranger. He was trying to pronounce my husbands name and was asking him a lot of questions. Then he said they had found a pile of papers in their trash can（垃圾桶）that had been left out on the footpath.

My husband rushed to their home to find a kind family holding all his papers and documents. Their young daughter had gone to the trash can and found a pile of unfamiliar papers. Her parents had carefully sorted them out， although they had found mainly foreign addresses on most of the documents. At last they had seen a half-written letter in the pile in which my husband had given his new telephone number to a friend.

That family not only restored the important documents to us that day but also restored our faith and trust in people. We still remember their kindness and often send a warm wish their way.

1. What did Rashid plan to do after his arrival in Sydney？

A. Go shopping. B. Find a house.

C. Join his family. D. Take a vacation.

2. The girls parents got Rashids phone number from ________.

A. a friend of his family B. a Sydney policeman

C. a letter in his papers D. a stranger in Sydney

3. What does the underlined word“restored”in the last paragraph mean？

A. Showed. B. Sent out. C. Delivered. D. Gave back.

4. Which of the following can be the best title for the text？

A. From India to Australia. B. Living in a New Country.

C. Turning Trash to Treasure. D. In Search of New Friends.

答案与解析

（一）文章是史地常识类说明文。作者介绍了加拿大一座城市——道森的兴衰历史。

1. C 细节理解题。由题干中New York City定位到第一段。由New York City， for example， is near a large habour at the mouth of the Hudson River（例如，纽约靠近哈德逊河口处的一个大港口）可知，是靠近港口的地理位置把人们吸引到了纽约。故选C项。

2. B 细节理解题。由题干中dug for gold和in Dawson定位到第二段。根据倒数第二句Of the first 20，000 people who dug for gold， 4000 got rich（在第一批挖金子的两万人中，四千人发财了）可知，是五分之一的人发财了。故选B项。

3. B 细节理解题。由题干中leave Dawson定位到最后一段第四句的when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska， they left Dawson city as quickly as they had come（当他们听说在阿拉斯加新发现了金子之后，他们立马离开了道森，如同他们当初匆忙来到这里一样）可知，人们离开道森的主要原因是，他们想到别的地方（阿拉斯加）去碰运气。……