高考英语全国卷阅读理解主旨要义题题型研究和解题指导
2018-12-21汪东印
汪东印
自2011年以来, 17套全国卷共出现18道题考查主旨要义。其中,考查段落大意(main idea, mainly about)题2道,考查文章大意 (main idea, mainly about)题3道,要求考生给文章选标题(title)13题。具体考查情况见下表:
由上表可知,全国课标Ⅰ卷2013,2014,2015連续三年未考查主旨要义题,课标Ⅱ卷仅2015年未考查主旨要义题。但最近三年,三套题中的每一套题都有1~2题考查主旨要义,且每套题都有一道题要求考生给短文选择一个恰当的标题。也就是说,主旨要义是近三年来高考英语全国卷的必考考点,且考查重点是要求考生给文章选择一个恰当的标题。
解题方法技巧
英语中的每篇文章都会有一个主旨要义。解答主旨要义题的最主要方法是寻找主题句。多数文章的主题句在第一个段,且多为第一个句子或最后一个句子,有的在最后一段的最后一句或首尾呼应。有时,作者没有明示文章的主旨要义,需要读者从文章的字里行间进行归纳和概括。
八年来是否有主题句或主题句的位置如下表所示:
由上表可以看出,近八年来的18套试卷中,只有2018年Ⅲ卷短文大意、2017年Ⅱ卷的段落大意、2017年Ⅰ卷和2014年Ⅱ卷的选标题,没有明显主题句,需要考生自己归纳概括,共4题,占22%。其余14题均有主题句,占78%,且主题句在第三段的仅1题,在第一段的有13题,占93%。其中,在第一段第一句的有7题,第一段最后一句的有5题,第一段段中1题,其中首段与末段呼应的有3题。值得注意的是,在but或though(adv.然而,可是)后的有6题。
高考真题示例
[例1]2017年全国Ⅱ卷C篇
Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle——named the Transition——has two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.
Around 100 people have already put down a $10,000 deposit to get a Transition when they go on sal ...
Inventors have been trying to make flying cars since the 1930s ...
Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviation Administrations decision ...
◆What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. The basic data of the Transition.
B. The advantages of flying cars.
C. The potential market for flying cars.
D. The designers of the Transition.
思路点拨:第一段第一句是第一段的主题句吗?……
