周用武　刘昌景　童祚民

摘要：【目的】找出不同游禽鳥类绒羽的微观结构差异，为游禽鸟类鉴定提供科学依据。【方法】以雁形目动物绿头鸭（Anas platyrhynchos）、小天鹅（Cygnus columbianus）和黑天鹅（C. atratus），??目动物小??（Podiceps grisegena），鸥形目动物黑尾鸥（Larus crassirostris）和鹈形目动物普通鸬鹚（Phalacrocorax carbo）为研究对象，利用扫描电镜观察其腹部绒羽羽小枝上节的形态，并测量分析绒羽羽小枝的节间距和节直径差异。【结果】6种游禽的腹部绒羽均由节状羽小枝构成，羽小枝的分布较松散，节形状存在明显差异，主要有4种较典型的形态，其中，绿头鸭和普通鸬鹚属同一种形态，小天鹅和黑尾鸥属同一种形态，小??和黑天鹅则各自为一种形态。6种游禽绒羽羽小枝的节间距和节直径也存在一定差异。其中，绿头鸭腹部绒羽羽小枝的节间距明显长于其他5种游禽，小天鹅腹部绒羽羽小枝的节间距最短；小??腹部绒羽羽小枝的节直径最粗，普通鸬鹚腹部绒羽羽小枝的节直径最细。【结论】不同生态类群鸟类的绒羽羽小枝结构存在差异，通过扫描电镜观察绒羽羽小枝上的节形态并结合其节间距和节直径差异分析，基本上可将绿头鸭、小天鹅、黑天鹅、小??、黑尾鸥和普通鸬鹚等6种游禽区分开来。

关键词： 游禽；绒羽；羽小枝；节间距；节直径

中图分类号： S865.34；Q959.7 文献标志码：A 文章编号：2095-1191（2018）06-1223-05

Abstract：【Objective】The differences in microstructures of down feather of different swimming bird species were researched in order to provide scientific evidence for the identification of swimming bird species.【Method】Six swimming bird species were gathered as research objects including Anas platyrhynchos， Cygnus columbianus， C. atratus，Podiceps grisegena， Larus crassirostris， and Phalacrocorax carbo. A. platyrhynchos， C. columbianus and C. atratus were from order of Anseriformes； P. grisegena was from order of Podicipediformes； L. crassirostris was from the order of Lariformes and P. carbo was from order of Pelecaniformes. Scanning electron microscope（SEM） was used to observe nodule morphology on barbules from belly down feather of the six species， and analyze the difference in distance between nodules and the nodular diameter. 【Result】The belly down feathers of the six swimming bird species were composed of nodular barbules. The distribution of barbules was loose. There were obvious differences in nodule shape and distance between nodules among different bird species. There were mainly four typical morphologies， A. platyrhynchos and P. carbo had the same kind of morphology. C. columbianus and L. crassirostris had another kind of morphology. P. grisegena and C. atratus had two different morphologies respectively. These six swimming bird species also had some differences in the distance between nodules and nodule diameter of barbules from down feather. The distance between nodules of barbules from belly down feather in A. platyrhynchos was longer than that of other five swimming bird species. The distance between nodules of barbules from belly down feather in C. columbianus was the shor-test. The nodular diameter of barbules from belly down feather in P. grisegena was the largest. And the barbules from belly down feather in P. carbo had the smallest nodular diameter. 【Conclusion】There are differences in the structure of barbules from down feather in different ecological groups of bird species. The nodule morphology of barbules from belly down feather can be observed by SEM. By combining the morphology with the difference in distance between nodules and nodular diameter， the six swimming bird species including A. platyrhynchos， C. columbianus， C. atratus，P. grisegena， L. crassirostris， and P. carbo can be basically distinguished.

Key words： swimming bird species； down feather； barbules； distance between nodules； nodular diameter

0 引言

【研究意义】羽毛是鸟类最重要的皮肤组成器官，根据羽毛的构造和功能，可将其分为正羽、绒羽和纤羽（夏晓飞等，2011；侯森林，2014）。其中绒羽位于正羽下方，呈棉花狀，构成隔热层。通过观察鸟类羽毛的微观结构，发现其羽小枝结构在鸟类物种分类识别上具有潜在的研究意义和较高的应用价值（胡诗佳等，2008；……