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楼外楼,有时更像个文化沙龙

2018-08-06杨晓政

文化交流 2018年8期
关键词:芥川西湖

杨晓政

西湖醋鱼、龙井虾仁、罗汉大虾、东坡焖肉、一品豆腐、栗子炒鸡这些养眼又美味的菜品,在今年初夏CCTV-1黄金档热播的电视剧《楼外楼》中频频出现。

拍大戏上央视播放,杭州西湖边的这家楼外楼,投了多少广告费?除了配合提供场地、厨师、美食之外,楼外楼并没有支付1分钱。那么,楼外楼上央视,是不是“你若盛开,蝴蝶自来”?

看剧吃菜,让我们看看《楼外楼》的热闹,摸摸楼外楼的门道。

文创立身:170年前就开始为美食添故事

5月14日,央视综合频道黄金档开播大气磅礴的史诗大剧《楼外楼》,当晚就获得同时段收视第一,并在播出第二晚登上了央视《新闻联播》,在厚重的商战大剧稀缺的当下,很快引起观众的注意。

电视剧《楼外楼》以历史变迁为主线,讲述了上世纪20年代初至中华人民共和国成立的岁月中,楼外楼当家人洪家兄弟在乱世中诚信经营、跌宕商战、铁血抗日等故事。

“小事不拘”,电视剧中的爱情戏等故事情节,大多属于虚构;不过,楼外楼店主最早姓“洪”,电视剧主人公洪家宝独辟蹊径,几乎将每一道菜肴都与历史名人联系上了,例如宋高宗西湖上钦点的“宋嫂鱼羹”、乾隆下江南品尝的“鱼头豆腐”、由岳飞引出的“油炸桧”、由王羲之引出的“掌上明珠”、由袁枚引出的“八宝豆腐”……这些却都是真的。

事实上,楼外楼菜馆最早的店主是洪瑞堂,他从鱼米之乡的绍兴鉴湖迁到杭州西湖边,以划船捕鱼谋生。

清道光二十八年(1848年),他在孤山广化寺旁开了家饮食小店,捕捞西湖里的鱼虾,烹调小菜,给游览西湖的客人提供餐食。

洪瑞堂是晚清的落第秀才,有一定的文化素养,了解杭州曾是南宋都城,于是他就借流传在民间的史话、传说,推出了宋嫂鱼羹、醋溜鱼等仿宋口味的菜肴。比如,有一道菜叫莼菜鲈鱼汤,典故是莼鲈之思:一位官员在洛阳见到秋风吹起,于是思念起家乡的菰菜羹和鲈鱼脍,便辞官回家。

在楼外楼,几乎每一道菜都有这样的典故。

于是,从1848年开始,食客用餐时,除了倾心于菜的美味,也迷醉于每道美食的文化内涵——感觉每一口吃的都不仅仅是菜,吃的还是《随园食单》里飘来的素雅书香,是宰相家后厨才有的脍不厌细的高贵。

以文兴楼:留墨免单终成“名人收割机”

电视剧第15集,李叔同的日本妻子雪子远渡重洋而来:“我只是为了见你一面,并没想让你重返红尘。我是你的妻子,你出家了,我总该有个了解。”弘一法师答:“曾经的那个叔同已经超然度外了,所以不可能再回到红尘,这斋饭你们用吧。”这时,秦海璐饰演的女主端上了一清二白(豆腐烧葱)、破镜重圆(南瓜饼)等菜肴。

……

电视剧第23集,鲁迅一边品尝西湖醋鱼一边讲:“一个姓蒋的介石很讨厌我,一个的姓郑的介石在楼外楼请我吃饭。”

……

劇中,好多民国名人都被串连在楼外楼和洪家人的命运故事中。而每每播放到名人来楼外楼吃饭的桥段,总有小年轻要问:“啊,楼外楼真的有那么多名人去过吗?”

这个是真的。

这里有一张拍摄于1921年5月3日的老照片,是至今发现的最早一张有楼外楼形象的照片。当时,芥川龙之介被日本大阪每日新闻社称为“现代文坛第一人”,报社方面以在该报连载纪行文字为条件,不惜花重金派遣芥川访华达4个月之久。照片为芥川的同事、当时驻上海的记者田村孜郎所拍。

照片上能清楚地看到楼外楼店门口挑起的酒幡,上面写着“楼外楼菜馆”五个大字。楼外楼的店招及堂口悬挂着的汽油灯清晰可见。照片右方,一块“楼外楼”匾额竖悬在店门处。

图上更远处,紧贴着楼外楼的白墙黑瓦,正是广化寺的围墙。当时的楼外楼在今天楼外楼的西面,位于广化寺和西泠印社之间。

在店口一侧沿着二层楼的楼顶,用竹木搭建起高大的顶棚,顶棚下增设了餐桌,时年29岁的芥川龙之介,便临湖坐在了中间的一张桌前。

芥川龙之介的西湖之行,1922年元旦起连载于《大阪每日新闻》的《江南游记》中,共6个章节,其中整整一章便是在楼外楼享用午餐时的情形——

……那里的槐树与梧桐的树荫下,有家打着“楼外楼”旗帜的餐馆……我们也在船老大的推荐下,在这家店前的槐树下吃了顿中式午餐……我们的桌子,摆放在枝叶繁茂的槐树下。脚下不远处便是波光粼粼的西湖。湖水不停地荡漾着,在岸边的石缝中荡出轻柔的声响……在这一瞬间,我彻底忘记了红砖洋楼,忘记了美国佬,在眼前平和的景色中找到了小说般的感觉……

楼外楼不仅仅是“舌尖上的杭州”那么简单,从文化象征的角度来说,楼外楼更像是一个文化沙龙。当年,楼外楼交友的方式是,以菜相交,留墨免单。比如西泠印社的吴昌硕先生在此举办过画展;章太炎、梅兰芳、马寅初、李叔同、丰子恺、鲁迅、郁达夫、徐志摩、梅兰芳、盖叫天、潘天寿、黄宾虹等一干文化名人,也先后到此品菜言欢、题诗作画。

剧中,这些历史名人一一登场;真实的楼外楼,最终成了“名人收割机”。难怪中国文艺评论家协会名誉主席、著名文艺评论家李准说,一部《楼外楼》,半部文坛史。

工匠精神:清水顶汤必须用宣纸吸油

开业170年,从民国开始到今日,持续爆红,游客市民需要排队用餐……光靠讲故事、名人捧场,还不够哦。

为了写好故事,编剧周振天带领团队多次到楼外楼采风,让他感触最深的是老一辈楼外楼厨师们的工匠精神:“与传承人聊天,我才发现楼外楼能够传承百年是有原因的。无论是一条鱼还是一块肉,他们都高标准严要求,保留初心,把美味带给大家。”

“打仗靠枪,师傅靠汤,楼外楼除了高汤还有顶汤。”周振天说,“我们以为高汤是白的,不够白还要加点牛奶,而楼外楼的顶汤是清如淡水的,小火熬制完成后还会用上好的宣纸把上面的油吸走。这就是文化,是属于中华民族烹饪文化的工匠精神。”

“就拿我們知道的西湖醋鱼来说,他们有一个专门养鱼的地方,取用前要在西湖湖水里饿养三天去腥味。”

周振天回忆,整个采风过程中,“老厨师对于做菜的尊重已经融入了骨髓,一名大厨对我说,用死鱼做菜就是对自己的侮辱,他说‘我会直接扔在地上。”

提到这个,在楼外楼工作了30年的大厨骆林也透露,“西湖醋鱼不是谁都能做的”,会有师傅给指定弟子传授秘方,至少要学习半年以上,这道菜每天练习许多遍,师傅再三品尝,确保百年相传的口味都是同样的。

为了更好演绎整部剧的精神,楼外楼的大厨也亲自跟随剧组进行拍摄,展现了西湖醋鱼、龙井虾仁、东坡肉等杭州传统名菜最正宗的做法。

剧中出现的菜肴,在民国三十四年(1945年)楼外楼的一份老菜谱中有记载。

这份1945年的老菜谱,是当时杭州市菜馆业评价会订发的菜品价目表,繁体字样,盖有中华民国政府公章,菜品共160多个,标价是手写的,如白鸡、红烧狮子头等只有几毛钱,稍贵的几块钱,而像清扒鱼翅这类高档菜则没有标价。而杭帮菜选择食材很重时令,讲究就地取材,春季就做虾子笋条,夏季就做西湖莼菜汤、荷叶粉蒸肉、嫩菱子鸡。

这些体现工匠精神的细节,也都在剧中一一呈现。

电视剧《楼外楼》展现的不只是一家百年老字号的发展史,更是浙江人的创新精神、工匠精神、文化传承、实业报国和家国情怀。

生活中的楼外楼,作为一座活着的美食博物馆,亲历了西湖历史的风雨沧桑,更见证了杭州乃至浙江在新时代的腾飞和发展。百年回眸,岁月悠悠,楼外楼渐成世界名楼,而杭州也正阔步迈上打造具有独特韵味别样精彩的世界名城的新征途。

From May 14 to June 12, Channel One of CCTV, Chinas biggest television network, screened , a television drama series based on Louwailou Restaurant on the picturesque West Lake in Hangzhou, capital city of Zhejiang Province.

The 36-episode series appeared on the prime-time slot of the channel and ranked at the top of all the entertainment programs on CCTV screened at the same prime time slot. On May 15, the CCTV news covered the series on the prime-time Network News.

The restaurant was founded at the foot of Solitary Hill on the West Lake by Hong Ruitang in 1848. Originally, the small eatery stood by Guanghua Temple. The fish and shrimps Hong Ruitang caught from the lake became best dishes for tourists. The restaurateur had an education background. He had wanted to pursue a governmental career through the imperial examination system, but failed. What he knew about history and culture and urban legends and celebrities made his menu unique. Most dishes on the menu have a story.

The unique location of the restaurant, its fine culinary art, and the culture the restaurant went all out to glorify contributed to the lasting fame for the restaurant.

Culturally speaking, the restaurant once served more like a salon for celebrities. For example, Wu Changshuo (1844-1927), a master of painting, seal engraving and calligraphy, once held a solo exhibition there. After all, the Xiling Seal Art Society was and is still a stones throw from the restaurant and Wu was its first president for more than ten years until his death in 1927. Other celebrities of the 20th century include Zhang Taiyan, Mei Lanfang, Ma Yinchu, Li Shutong, Feng Zikai, Lu Xun, Yu Dafu, Xu Zhimo, Gai Jiaotian, Pan Tianshou and Huang Binhong, all in the elite literati circles, let alone a galaxy of prominent personages from other fields. The television series restored some of the history by presenting a few celebrities at the restaurant: Lu Xun and Li Shutong.

Some people comment that Louwailou is like a hall of fame. “Louwailou Restaurant accounts for half a history of Chinese modern art and literature,” commented Li Zhun, the honorary president of China Association of Critics of Art and Literature.

In early 1921, , a newspaper based in Osaka, Japan, sent the 29-year-old writer Akutagawa Ryonosuke (1892-1927) to China. On May 2, 1921, the writer arrived in Hangzhou. Impressed by the beauty of the West Lake, he poeticized the lake in letters to his friends. A photo dated May 3, 1921 shows Ryonosuke at Louwailou by the West Lake. Akutagawa and his Japanese journalist friend sat at a table on the waterfront in the shade of pagoda trees outside the front door of the restaurant. It is the earliest existing photo of Louwailou in history. In 1922, Mainichi Simbun serialized a six-chapter travelogue Ryonosuke wrote about his travel in Jiangnan (the south of the Yangtze River Delta). One chapter was dedicated to his lunch at Louwailou.

Louwailou is one of Chinas greatest restaurants for a reason. It is a top-class gourmet restaurant. It has invented and maintained ingenious ways to make finest dishes. Take West Lake Vinegar Fish for example. The restaurant keeps carp alive in a pen, consisting of some 20 wire cages, in the lake at the front door of the restaurant, for three days to purge the fish of any muddy odor. The recipe for making this dish may look easy and simple, but there are secrets in the recipe and a would-be chef at the restaurant must train under a master for at least half a year for making this dish. The student chef must make a fish dish several times a day for half a year under the scrutiny of the master. This master-student approach ensures the quality of the fish.

The television series was filmed at a location in Huzhou, about 80 kilometers north of Hangzhou. A real-size restaurant was made on the blueprints of the restaurant of the yesteryears. The restaurant of today on the West Lake looks quite modern. During the filming, a master chef from Louwailou Restaurant stayed with the production team to make sure all facts about dishes were right. All the dishes that appeared in the series were documented in a menu in 1945. The handwritten menu lists over 160 dishes, approved by Hangzhou Restaurants Appraisal Committee and impressed with a seal of the local government. In addition to displaying a wide range of dishes the restaurant served tourists and gourmets, the precious menu also serves as testimonial to how price regulation at local restaurants was exercised by the local committee and the government.

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