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浅析英语图画作文的立意与写作方法

2018-06-12游航

校园英语·中旬 2018年4期
关键词:英语考试论据论点

【摘要】近年来,图画作文广泛地出现在各类英语考试中,如研究生入学英语考试和英语四六级测试等。因此,本文将分析英语图画作文的立意与写作方法,以帮助考生训练其逻辑思维能力和谋篇布局的能力,从而创作出高水平的文章,同时也为大学英语写作课程的开展与优化提供参考。

【关键词】图画作文;写作方法

【作者简介】游航,四川大学外国语学院。

一、前言

近年来,图画作文广泛地出现在各类英语考试中,如研究生入学英语考试和英语四六级测试等。尤其是在我国2000年之后的研究生入学英语考试中,提示信息多以图画形式出现,而行文又以议论文为主。但是考生普遍得分较低,其文章在立意与写作方面都存在很多问题,究其原因,主要是考生缺乏英语写作的指导与训练,因此,本文将结合题目与范文分析英语图画作文的立意与写作方法,以帮助考生训练其逻辑思维能力和谋篇布局的能力,提高写作水平,同时也为大学英语写作课程的开展与完善提供参考。

二、图画作文之立意

图画作文通常会给出一幅或几幅图片和简略的文字提示,考生需要仔细观察图片,并分析图片所反映的社会现象或问题,以“透过现象看本质”,“一朵花中见天堂”的眼光剖析图画中蕴含的深刻寓意,确定文章的中心论点,然后开始写作。由于题目明确要求考生在文中应简单描述图片,阐释图片寓意并写出自己的评论,故此类应试作文应采用议论文文体。鉴于篇幅,考生虽不用旁征博引,但也应做到言之有理,论之有据,论述充分,论据详实且有说服力。優秀的作文源于优秀的思想,这就要求考生平时要积累丰富的知识,包括语言、经济、历史、文化和社会的方方面面。同时还应养成细心观察和热爱思考的好习惯,逐渐培养自己分析问题和解决问题的能力以及逻辑思辨能力。这样才不会在写作时无话可说或无从下笔。写作源于生活而高于生活,考生若是善于观察、思考,将个人经历与对生活的感悟融入写作,做到有感而发、有情可述、有据可依,必将成就一篇优秀的作文。此外,考试时切忌仓促下笔,逻辑混乱或上下文衔接不当。考生应在确定文章论点和中心思想后先写一个提纲,进行一到两分钟的头脑风暴搜寻论据,然后筛选合适的论据并按一定的顺序组织起来,最后再动笔写作,完成写作之后还应适当检查、修改。写作时可以按以下步骤进行:

第一部分(破题、引入)用一、两句话简单描写图片的主要信息,点出图片所反映的社会现象并引入话题。第二部分(立论、阐述、论据)提出论点,进一步分析图片揭示的寓意、该社会现象产生的原因或某负面情况导致的后果,并辅之以具体论据充分论述。论据可以是客观事实、历史事件、名人典故或具体数据等等。第三部分(总结)再次强调文章的中心论点,结尾简短有力,发人深思且令人印象深刻。注意总结部分不能有前文未涉及到的内容,也不能提出新观点,最好做到首尾呼应,如果前文提出了某个问题,这里应给予回答。需要指出的是考生不必按“三段论”的方式罗列以上三部分内容,应打破固定的思维模式,灵活组织段落。例如,开头引入部分可以与第二部分写成一段,总结陈述部分为第二段;抑或破题引入部分自成一段,立论阐述部分为第二段,一句话总结写在第二段末尾;再则可以让第二部分各分论点独立成段,文章可以是“四段论”、“五段论”、“六段论”……此外,短文作文要求考生在切中题意并覆盖所有内容要点的基础上使用丰富的语法结构和词汇,切忌千篇一律和句式单一,语言应自然流畅,语句连贯,条理清晰,忌背模版或依葫芦画瓢。

【例1】

Directions: Write an essay of 160~200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should describe the drawing briefly, explain its intended meaning, and then give your comments.

You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (2009年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题)

Sample:

As can be seen in the picture, in the “net” sit a group of people surfing the net. They enjoy sending messages and expressing ideas through the internet so much that they almost forget the goodness and uniqueness of face-to-face communication.

Theres no doubt that Internet is one of the greatest innovations of the 20th century which has revolutionized the world in almost every aspect. It has changed the way we behave and the way we communicate. We benefit a lot from the convenience of online shopping, video call, network course and the like. Moreover, we could even have access to the newly released album, movie or the latest academic journal via the internet. However, theres also some negative impact that cannot be neglected. More and more young people prefer to press the button and chat online, which makes them alienated from their family and even the real society. Some students tend to spend hours watching movie or playing computer games, making the great invention enemy of their health. According to the recent survey, nearly 40% of the teenagers in our country are addicted to Internet, among which half of them have psychological problems. They benefit from the net, love the fun it brings to them, but they are also caught in the net. The situation is so serious that its high time that certain measures should be taken to cope with it.

An British writer named Charles Percy Snow once said “technology is an odd thing: it brings you great gifts with one hand, and it stabs you in the back with the other.” Internet is no exception. Only if we use it with proper purposes and self-control can we foster the strength of Internet while avoiding its disadvantages and enjoy our life to the best.

这是一篇很好的议论文,不仅中心突出、层次清晰,而且使用了丰富的句型和语法结构,语言表达连贯、自然。作者开篇简明扼要地描述了图片内容,并提出自己的论点。倒装句“in the ‘net sit a group of people surfing the net”的使用不仅简洁明确,而且运用“net”一词多意的特点重复使用使文章具有節奏感和韵律美,后文“goodness and uniqueness”的并列也是一样。第二段中作者展开论述,运用了充分的论据阐述网络的优势与弊端,其中也不乏优秀的句子。最后一段作者引用英国作家查尔斯的名言指出科技是一把双刃剑,我们只有正确使用互联网并学会自我控制才能趋利避害,首尾呼应,升华中心。

【例2】

Directions: Write an essay of 160~200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should describe the drawing briefly, explain its intended meaning, and support your view with an example / examples.

You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (2007年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题)

Sample:

As is shown is the picture above, in a football match, a goal keeper is standing in front of a goal, preparing to stop a player from kicking the ball in. At the same time, the goal keeper is thinking: “How wide the goal is, but how small I am! How can I stop the ball?” Meanwhile, the player is thinking what is contrary to that, “How big the keeper is! How can I kick the ball in?”

Apparently, the purpose of the picture is to emphasize the importance of self-confidence in our daily life. We often underestimate ourselves and overestimate others. In all walks of life, competition grows increasingly fierce, imposing tremendous pressure on us, so we must maintain self-confidence in the face of challenges to succeed. Losing our self-confidence before we take actions can not only destroy our mood but also affect our performance.

For example, when I was in the middle school, our school basketball team once played against a famous team in the city. Everyone on our team was so frightened and diffident that we even didnt make any preparations beforehand. As a result, we failed. One year later, we met the same team in another match. This time, our teacher inspired us with confidence and hope. Then, we made a detailed plan and practiced a lot. To everyones surprise, we won! So, from my own experience, I learned that confidence is the key to success.

这篇范文采用了简洁流畅的语言描述图片中人物的心理,随后提出图片反映了自信心的重要性,并将此观点作为文章的中心思想,层层递进,展开论述。最后,作者以其亲身经历作为论据,具有很强的说服力,其论述逻辑清晰,遣词造句表达准确,上下文衔接得当,语言自然流畅。

三、议论文写作的基本要素

写作是一个缜密思考的过程,既不能絮絮叨叨,也不能无病呻吟。想要写出一篇优秀的议论文首先要有一个好的论点,除此之外还需要深刻的见解、富于洞察力的思想以及对此有条不紊的论述。好的文章反映出好的思想,而好的思想也需要清晰、自然、流畅的语言来承载。在议论文写作中,作者应注意文章的统一性、连貫性,做到中心突出,层次清晰,过渡自然,论证详实。

1.统一性(Unity)。

文章的统一性(也叫整体性)是指一篇议论文只能有一个中心论点(如果是考试的命题作文,则该中心论点应做到切中题意),所有段落都必须围绕这一中心论点展开论述,紧扣主题,不能有与此无关的信息或论述不贴切的内容,从而使文章成为一个有机统一体。

2.连贯性(Coherence)。

文章各部分之间除了要统一,还应衔接得当,使上下文具有连贯性。此外,选择恰当的连词与关系从句来表达句与句之间的逻辑关系可以让文章内容连贯,起承转合过渡自然。

【例3】

Keeping Pets

Keeping dogs as pets has more benefits than most people recognize. First, they contribute to the health of their owners. Often their demands for walks and play improve their owners exercise routine. In fact, statistics show that dog owners get more regular exercise than non-dog owners do. Also, they enhance health simply by being around to be petted. Second, they provide a means for parents to teach their children responsibility. When parents give children a dog, they provide them the opportunity to fulfill the responsibilities of walking, feeding, and caring for its other needs. Finally and most important of all, dogs enhance the well-being and emotional stability of families. Older people who live alone especially rely on dogs to give them enjoyment and company. Children also find a great deal of comfort in their dogs. As an example, a family dog helps a little boy adapt when his mother leaves him with a sister and goes to work. In brief, although dogs cause their owners trouble and expense, these animals may at the same time return unrealized value.

该议论文主题明确,结构紧凑,全篇围绕养狗的三点意义(有助于主人的健康、能培养孩子的责任感以及利于家庭和睦与情感稳定)展开论述,且层层递进,所阐述的观点的重要性依次递增,体现出作者在构思文章时严密的逻辑。此外,“First”, “Also”,“Second”和“Finally and most important of all”等指示性词语的使用使得文章的上下文衔接连贯,在具有“统一性”的同时兼具“连贯性”。

3.中心突出(Emphasis)。

中心突出是指文章的中心思想应明确,论点要鲜明。作者可将表现中心思想和论点的主题句放在文章或段落的开头,并在结尾处再次点题,首尾呼应。此外,也可以使用重复、强调、排比、引用等修辞手法使文章主题鲜明、中心突出。以培根的代表作“Of Studies”(“论读书”)为例,培根在文中科学地概括了学习的方法,阐述了学习的重要性,并指出不同的书应采用不同的阅读方法,最后还谈了各门学科对人的性格产生的影响。每个段落都有一个分论点,并有论有证,但全文却围绕读书学习这一个中心展开论述,可谓论点鲜明,中心突出,层次分明。他的作品逻辑严谨,论证精辟,语言简洁明快,不失为议论文写作的优秀范例。

4.层次清晰(Development)。

文章的组织结构应遵循“绪论—本论—总结”的逻辑架构,做到层次清晰,结构清楚,逻辑性强。在连句成段、缀段成篇时应按照一定的顺序来组织安排内容,如时间顺序、空间顺序和过程顺序等,或以分类、比较或对比等方法谋篇布局。

同时,也可按总分关系、并列关系、转折关系和因果关系等逻辑顺序展开论述,或兼用对比、排比等方法使文章层次清晰。

5.论证详实(Support)。

议论文写作要做到论点鲜明、论证充分、论据确凿详实,除了需要适当几个分论点来支撑文章的中心论点外,文中所使用的论据必须具备相关性和说服性。

论据的相关性是指所选用的论据应与论点相关才能充分证明论点的正确性。如:

Knowledge often results only after persistent investigation. Albert Einstein, after a lengthy examination of the characteristics of matter and energy, formulated his famous Theory of Relativity, which now acts as a basis for further research in nuclear physics….After years of work Annie Jump Cannon perfected the classification of the spectra of some 350,000 stars….

上文的论点是知识源于坚持不懈的调查研究,而爱因斯坦与安妮·坎农通过多年的不懈努力才取得科研成果的例子恰好证明了这一观点,若是将文中的例子换成牛顿因被苹果砸中而产生灵感进而发现了万有引力或是引用培根的名句“Knowledge is power”都不足以论证主题句中的论点,显得文不对题。

而论据的说服性是指所使用的论据应具有说服力。例如,有同学曾在题为“Can Men Triump Over Nature”的作文中写到:“Nature is more powerful than men because nature has power, such as wind, water, crustal movement and so on.”所举的例子具有相关性,但没有说服力,使得其文苍白无力,论证不详实。

四、总结

写作是一个循序渐进的过程,不积跬步无以至千里,优秀的文章得益于作者在学习和生活中的不断积累和训练。本文结合题目与范文分析英语图画作文的立意与写作方法,从统一性、连贯性,中心突出,层次清晰和论证详实五个方面论述议论文写作的立论及论证方法,对考生逻辑思维能力和谋篇布局能力的培养有积极作用,对其书写创作也具有一定的指导意义,同时也为大学英语写作课程的开展与优化提供参考。

参考文献:

[1]鲍琳虹.硕士研究生英语入学考试——作文解析[M].武汉:华中师范大学出版社,2010.

[2]丁往道,吴冰,钟美荪,郭棲庆.英语写作手册[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2009.

[3]龙毛忠,颜静兰,王慧.英美文学精华导读(第二版)[M].上海:华东理工大学出版社,2010.

[4]张玉娟,陈春田,邹云敏,王青华.新世纪实用英语写作[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2013.

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