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IFE词汇教学模式对初中生英语写作能力的影响研究

2018-05-27陈月飞

试题与研究·教学论坛 2017年35期
关键词:语块词块教学模式

陈月飞

摘 要:词汇的缺乏是英語写作的困难之一,笔者以IFE词汇教学模式即准备(Initiation)、组块(Fabrication)、拓展(Extension)的词汇教学过程入手,从文本(Text)出发,以词块(Chunk)为纽带,以语境(Context)为落脚点,鼓励自主探究,转变学习方式,整体记忆词汇,提高词汇教学的质量,发展学生的写作能力。

关键词:IFE;词块;语块;教学模式;写作影响

一、问题提出

纵观英语写作教学现状,课堂上教师大量的时间和精力进行词汇输入,但实际有效的词汇输出却非常有限,这不利于学生的写作能力的提高。王文宇曾说语言,当词汇缺乏时,就成了英语写作的最大难点,词汇匮乏严重影响学生进行写作的内容与结构的架构,更会影响他们深度理解文本构思。

1.一枝独秀

记得曾听一节校级英语写作教学公开课,老师优美的语言让学生全身心投入在课堂上。然而,当教师要求学生展示习作成果时,鲜有主动举手回答的,老师被弄得十分的尴尬。课后一问,答案惊人的相似:“我知道,可怕词汇、词组和句子说不好,多难为情!”

“不愿表达”让我们深思该如何提升我们的语言交际能力?提升语言能力离不开的言语实践与领悟,离开了具体的语言活动和语境,学生的言语实践就失去了生命力,更不用说提升英语学科核心素养。

2.定向思维

在教学实践中,学生常因找不到恰当的词汇来表述,就放弃了一定的有内容、有深度的想法。如果能使用预制语块,不仅能提高写作效果,更能提升语言的流畅性与意义的连贯性。

传统教学中,受语言教学自然法和交际法的影响,词汇学习过于强调在文本语境中的语义猜测,研究指出直接教授词汇有其必要性(Sokmen,1997)。但自从Lewis提出词块理论后,许多学者根据这一理论调整词汇教学以提高学生的写作能力。

3.研究综述

陈伟平(2008)引导学生关注英语词汇的板块性,并增强学生的词块意识;王学儒(2008)和范煜华(2009)也利用这一理论改进课堂词汇教学,运用词块,结合情景,发展学生的词汇能力来提高写作水平;肖福寿(2000)曾在《用词型法进行英语词汇教学》一文中指出用词法进行英语词汇教学不但能激发学生的学习动机,又可提高学生参与活动的积极性,而他所指的词型,是通过词汇搭配、词组,或语块进行英语教学,普遍认为语块是词汇记忆的理想模式,因为语块教学它符合中国学生的语言学习规律。

二、模式构建

本文所讲的IFE词汇教学模式指准备(Initiation)、组块(Fabrication)、拓展(Extension)的词汇教学过程。

在准备阶段,基于运用精选文本词汇,依托文本,鼓励学生探究词义和用法,提高词的深度;在组块阶段,教师把词汇整理成词块以便于学生的记忆;

在拓展阶段,教师进行词汇运用语境的创设,在语境中运用,在运用中内化,发展学生的写作能力。

本文研究的IFE词汇教学模式对写作教学的影响,也就是从文本(Text)出发,以词块(Chunk)为纽带,以语境(Context)为落脚点,鼓励学生自主探究,转变学习方式,提高词汇教学的质量,发展学生的写作能力。

三、策略应用

(一)宏观触摸——品味,揣摩,领悟,文本常常在这时闪亮

1.品味模式结构之妙

以Go for it教材九年级Unit 13 reading Rethink,Reuse,Recycle!读写联动教学为例。

(1)文本是源,溯源而上——准备(Initiation)预习任务:查找资料,拓展词汇:

Company: limited company,parent company,private enterprise,accounts,customer services,public relations,etc.

Business:capital,competition,investigation,products,expenses,facility,market,etc;

Management:boss,take over,manager,co-work,go through a bad path,employee,etc.

(2)文本是流,交流相融——组块(Fabrication)通过借助上下文引导,学生巧别语块,小组合作,整理语块:Get away with,in the long run,play a special role in,in the circle of,etc.

(3)文本是架,内外相连——拓展(Extension)储备知识,背诵词块,拓展语块。

在教师的引导下,学生找出语块,小组合作,之后,通过造句形式反复练习,消化内化。例如,学习语块“in the long run”

小组A:It may not so outstanding in the short run,but it?蒺s going to be important in the long run.

小组B:My teacher always told me that in the long run I would be glad I didn?蒺t give up my study.

2.揣摩技巧运用之妙

运用IFE词汇教学模式进行写作,利用常用的语块,比如in addition,above all,in the first place,in contrast,all in all,in a word,in conclusion突出重点、厘清思路,使表达连贯,并更具条理性和逻辑性。在教学,学生通过学习并掌握过渡语的语块,落实写作中的起、承、转、合,使文体脉络清晰,结构严谨,注重过程写作。

“起”:It goes without saying that / generally speaking / it is clear that

“承”:first of all / to start with / certainly / in addition / on the one hand / above all / besides / it is true that

“轉”:however / it is a pity that / on the other hand / to our surprise

“合”:all in all / in a word.

3.领悟模式运用之妙

(1)加强模式,提高语块意识:增强语块的显性学习,灵活运用常用搭配,在语境中地道准确地运用,如学习conscience后,学习它的搭配,have a clear conscience;lack of conscience;in all conscience等,并把这些搭配放在句子中或文章中习得。

(2)应用模式,积累写作语块:在不同文体写作指导时,引导学生有效语篇分析,渗透语篇意识,灵活应用语块于写作过程。

(3)延伸模式,拓宽语块深度:随着语块结构和词汇搭配增多,学生的语块库植入记忆库。通过有效的记忆策略不断构建语块,通过联想扩展,利用语境运用意象加速语块的输入过程。

(4)落实模式,培养学生语感:语感是对语言的直接感知、领悟和把握能力,只有把所学知识内化为潜意知识,才能使学生流利地表达目标语,这样,语感就在地道的英语表达中自然形成。

(二)中观开掘——浸润,超越,链接,语块常常在这时积淀

英语作为一种结构语言,它本身就具有固定搭配、习惯用语以及其基本句型(陈立华,2003)。在实际教学中,教师可根据话题开展不同形式写作训练。

1.浸润词块,获得素养的丰富与提升

词汇组块写作训练法,让学生将词块、组块运用于写作之中,促进学生的过程写作能力与效率,通过习惯用语和美文美句结构,有效利用过渡词,提高他们遣词造句的能力,厘清行文逻辑。如常见的过渡词:

(1)表并列:both... and,in addition,besides,as well as,what?蒺s more,moreover...

(2)表转折:although,however,actually,yet...

(3)表原因:since,because of,thanks to,according to...

(4)表结果:a case in point,as a result,thus,therefore...

(5)表列举:for example,as an instance...

(6)表结论:all in all,to conclude,in a word,in brief...

2.超越语块,获得写作的滋润和积淀

初中生英语书面表达一般由7-8个句子组成的,句子是写作的基础。为此,在书面表达教学中,首先要指导学生如何用句子表意,从更深层次的语言形态来讲,它有固定的句型、常用搭配、语块等,先抓住五种基本句型进行“写”;再利用句子一意多表或句子多译进行训练。

例如:“这对双胞胎努力去完成作业。”可翻译为:

The twins tried their best to finish their homework.(简单句)

The twins did their best to finish their homework.(简单句)

The twins attempted to finish their homework.(简单句)

The twins did what they could to finish their homework.(复合句)

The twins did everything / all they could to finish their homework(复合句)

通过多种多样的表述或改写,增添语言表达的多样性和灵活性,运用修辞手段,提高文章的连贯性,并在表达或承接、或转折、或因果、或递进等关系时,可根据语义,进行自由选择相关的关联词,并运用恰当的修辞:

例如:Jim found a little bird. It was wounded. Jim decided to take the bird to the zoo. The workers in the zoo praised him. He got home very late. He felt happy.

以上段落都是简单句,但Jim的行为线索很清晰,不过,句子却很松散,而且意思也不连贯。假设教师能指导学生能添加一定的关联词,并运用恰当的修辞,那么就可把Jim的活动变成一段相对连贯的文字:Jim found a little wounded bird,so he decided to take it to the zoo. The workers in the zoo praised him. Although he got home late,he felt happy.

这样进行句子表达,稍显自然,句意相对连贯、地道,但如果能再添加一些相关成分或恰当的关联词和过渡句,则能写成一段内容丰富并具有一定情感的短文:

On the way home,Jim,the monitor of our class,found a little wounded bird which seemed to be dying. Without the slightest hesitation,he decided to take the bird to the zoo around as quickly as possible. Having known what had happened,the kind workers in the zoo praised Jim for his deep love for the bird.Jim didn?蒺t return home until the bird was treated properly.Although it was quite late when he got home,Jim felt happy indeed.

3.链接习惯,捕捉写作的底蕴与经验

强化英语写作的过程指导:

(1)指导各种文体的写作特点;

(2)列提纲或关键词,抓要点,选用常用词汇、语块和经典句型;

(3)运用词块、语块,多种句式遣词造句,拓展成优美的句子,提高学生写作能力;

(4)关注文章的连贯性与逻辑性与上下文衔接,使结构自然、紧凑,利用过渡词以达到层次分明、语义连贯。

(三)微观透视——搜索,寻找,聚焦,语境常常在这时生成

阅读是基础,为写作提供新颖的句式表达,通过读写联动,实现以读促写,有效利用教材内容,逐步渗透英语过程写作技能。

1.搜索写作技巧

以教材为本,利用词组、语块拓展、遣词造句和谋篇布局等深层理解文本,指导学生仿写、改写,得体运用语言。

例如:《GO FOR IT》八上Unit 2 How often do you exercise?的写作话题是保持健康。笔者精选了一篇有关健身的报道,通过课堂上的限时阅读并设问:Which is more important for you,looking good or feeling good?How to keep fit?And why?在学生的回答中罗列出一部分词块、语块,再利用思维导图罗列出与健康相关的词块和语块,再进行How to live a happy life写作训练,信手拈来。

如下为学生的写作示范:

Happy lifestyle

As we all know,happiness is an important part in our life. Without happiness,life is not as wonderful as we think. But how can we live a happy life.

First of all,we must have an interesting hobby,such as reading books,playing basketball and so on. A hobby is a good way to make us relaxed. No matter what your hobby is,the important thing is to learn something useful from it.

Second,why not smile at everyone of our lives?Try to be friendly to everyone. As an old saying,“Helping others is the source of happiness”. If we give somebody in need a hand,we will get much happiness and enjoyment,and love is passed as well.

Third,we should learn to face all kinds of difficulties in life. For example,if we get a bad mark in an exam,what shall we do?Can we give up?No ,we can?蒺t. No Matter how difficult the problem we are facing,we mustn?蒺t give up ourselves. Failure is the mother of success,we shouldn?蒺t be afraid of failure. Instead,we need to smile at it. Because of failure,we can learn more experience that we can?蒺t learn in our daily life.

What?蒺s more,making every day full is also a happy thing. When we are busy,we can feel our energy and vigor. Isn?蒺t it happy?

In a word,happy life depends on ourselves. Don?蒺t remember the unhappy things always,believe that tomorrow is a more beautiful day!

2.尋找材料之“留白”

“写的过程实际上是模拟读者阅读的过程;而阅读也是模拟写作的行为”。学生通过阅读材料,关注文本结构,进行有效仿写。

例如:在上英语拓展课the Belt and the Road时呈现材料:

教学流程:

Step 1 沉浸在语言重组里——准备 (Initiation)

Let?蒺s share(学生通过课前准备后的展学)

Ask the students to look at the map of OBOR and answer the following questions:

Have you ever travelled to the cities along the Belt and the Road?

If you have,which city have you been to?Talk about it!

Ask the students to introduce the cities they have been to along the OBOR.学生介绍他们去过的“一带一路”上的沿线城市。

Step 2 交错于多重情境中——组块(Fabrication)

Let?蒺s talk(同桌学+展学)Pairwork:ask and answer in pairs to talk about the city they like to visit along the OBOR.同桌互问互答,谈论他们自己想去的“一带一路”上的沿线城市。

A:Where would you like to go along the Belt and the Road?

B:……

A:What is it famous for?B:……

......

Step 3 碰撞于文本更深处——拓展(Extension)

Let?蒺s imitate(同桌学+展学)

Ask the students to read out the sentences they like best. Try to imitate and make sentences according to them. Work in pair first and then share with the class.

Let?蒺s talk (组学)

Ask the students to polish their language and introduce the cities they want to visit to their group members.

Let?蒺s share(展学)

Ask the students to come to the front and introduce the city they want to visit along the OBOR to the whole class.

For your next vacation,why not go to Paris?Paris is the capital of France,which is one of the liveliest cities in Europe. There aren?蒺t any beaches or mountains,but you enjoy many things there. For example,there are some fantastic sights,including the Eiffel Tower,and you can also visit Notre Dame Cathedral,which is one of the most famous churches in the world. If you take a taxi to travel around Paris,It will cost you a lot of money,but it?蒺s usually convenient to take the underground train to most places. In general,France is quite an expensive place. One thing that is not expensive in France,however,is the wine!You?蒺d better speak both English and French,because some people there any speak French,especially in Paris. So unless you speak French yourself,it?蒺s best to travel with someone who can translate for you.

3.聚焦內外之“联系”

英语课程的总体目标是培养学生的综合语言运用能力,“让学生学会学习”已成为英语素养核心。在教学中,学生通过积累词汇、短语、语块和句型,加以背诵教材中的佳句佳作,并把课内学到的写作技巧在实践中加以运用,逐步养成良好的写作习惯,进一步提高写作技能,并遵循“一切为了运用”的原则,将所学知识内化成自己的能力。

四、成效反思

(一)效果分析

基于英语核心素养和中考写作要求,通过实践,我们根据不同时期,学生的实际情况,采取恰当的教学方法,指导学生循序渐进地写出行文流畅、文采飞扬的佳篇妙作,学生的写作技能进一步得到提高。

1.实验班与非实验班在语言表述层面的前测与后测平均分

数据显示,实验班学生在语言表达中的流利性、正确性、得体性、策略性、生成性均明显高于非实验班,这是因为他们更关注收集和积累语块,并能有效运用语块,所以他们的语言表达更地道了。

2.实验班与非实验班在语用写作层面的前测与后测平均分

数据显示词块使用功能强的学生的写作水平明显提高,从而说明加强IFE词汇教学模式与学生的写作水平存在正相关。

(二)实践反思

IFE词汇教学模式对英语写作教学的影响研究表明,在实践中,我们应在教师的指导下,利用IFE词汇教学模式,整合写作教学,培养学生的过程写作能力。IFE词汇教学模式对英语写作教学的影响的研究是一种综合能力的训练,是学生英语学科素养的培养途径,它是一个系统工程,且贯穿于整个英语写作教学活动的全过程。

参考文献:

1.陈冬燕,陈燕.对国内语块研究的思考[A]语言语块研究在中国的进展-首届全国语言语块教学与研究学术研讨会论文集[C],2009,79-90

2.刘晓玲,阳志清.词汇组块教学——二语教学的一种新趋势[J]外语教学,2003,(6):51-54

3.肖福寿.用词型法进行英语词汇教学[J]外语与外语教学,2000,(5):34-37

4.教育部.2012.义务教育英语课程标准(2011年版)[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社.

(作者单位:浙江省杭州市萧山区回澜初级中学)

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