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新王国时期埃及社会中的战俘及其流向探析

2018-01-24孔繁倩

外国问题研究 2017年4期

孔 繁 倩

(东北师范大学 世界古典文明史研究所,吉林 长春 130024)

新王国时期埃及密集的对外征战为埃及带来大量的社会财富,战俘作为其中一种特殊的战利品,象征着埃及对外战争的胜利。在具有强烈政治宣传色彩的王室文献中战俘往往作为被打击和被控制的对象,但在现实生活中,埃及人对待战俘又以“人尽其力”为原则,对战俘进行一定程度地埃及化改造,使这些原本作为对立者的群体为埃及国家的发展贡献了一份力量。目前,国内外埃及学界有关新王国时期战俘的研究成果主要有三类:第一类是关于战俘的专题研究;*M.D.Janzen, The Iconography of Humiliation: The Depiction and Treatment of Bound Foreigners in New Kingdom Egypt, PhD Dissertation, The University of Memphis, 2013; A. Grimm, “Ein Käfig für einen Gefangenen in einem Ritual zur Vernichtung von Feinden”, JEA, Vol.73,1987, pp.202-206; Ahmad Abo el Magd, “Prisoners’ Cage in Ancient Egypt,” 2017年8月20日,https://www.academia.edu/20320233/Prisoners_Cage_in_ancient_Egypt; Uroš Mati, “Enemies Hanged Upside (Head) down,” in M.Tomorad,eds., Egypt 2015: Perspectives of Research, Proceedings of the Seventh European Conference of Egyptologists, 2015, Oxford: Archaeopress Publishing, pp.319-327.第二类与战俘相关的研究散落于新王国时期的对外战争研究以及对埃及社会的外邦人研究中;*C.Booth, The Role of Foreigners in Ancient Egypt, BAR International Series 1426, Oxford: Archaeopress, 2005; S.C.Heinz, Die Feldzugsdarstellungen des Neuen Reiches, Wien: Verlag der Osterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2001; A.R.Schulman, Military Rank, Title and Organization in the Egyptian New Kingdom, PhD Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1962; R.Giveon, “The Shosu of the Late XXth Dynasty,” JARCE,Vol.8,1969—1970, pp.51-53; G.J.Shaw, Royal Authority in Egypt’s Eighteenth Dynasty, PhD Dissertation, The University of Liverpool, 2008; D.B.Redford, The Wars in Syria and Palestine of Thutmose Ⅲ, Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2003; J.C.Darnell, C.Manassa, Tutankhamun’s Armies: Battle and Conquest During Ancient Egypt’s Late Eighteenth Dynasty, Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons, 2007; A.Nibbi, Lapwings and Libyans in Ancient Egypt, Oxford: DE Publications, 1986; A.Leahy, “The Libyan Period in Egypt: An Essay in Interpretation,” Libyan Studies, Vol.16,1985, pp.51-65; W.Hölscher, Libyer und gypter, Glückstad and Hamburg and NewYork: Verlag J.J Augustin, 1955; G.A.Wainwright, “The Meshwesh,” JEA, Vol.48,1962,pp.89-99.第三类是原始文献,分为图像资料*I.Rosellini, Monumenti Dell’ Egitto e Della Nubia: Monumenti Civili, Genève: Belles-Lettres, 1977; J.H.Breasted, Medinet Habu, Vol.I-VIII, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1930—1970; Epigraphic Survey, The Battle Reliefs of King Sety I, Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1986; W.Wreszinski, Atlas zur Altägyptischen Kulturgeschichte, Leipzig: Hinrichs, 1923—1942; G.T.Martin, The Memphite Tomb of Horemheb: Commander-in-Chief of Tutankhamun, Vol.I, London: Egypt Exploration Society, 1989; B.Porter, R.L.B.Moss: Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Statues,Reliefs and Paintings, Vol.Ⅲ: Memphis, Oxford: Oxford University Press, Griffith institute, 1981.与文献,*郭丹彤:《古代埃及象形文字文献译注》,长春:东北师范大学出版社,2015年;K.Sethe, Urkunden der 18 Dynastie, Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1961; K.A Kitchen, Ramesside Inscriptions:Translated and Annotated, Translations, Vol.I-VI, Oxford: Blackwell, 1993—2012; J.H.Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol.II-IV, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1906; W.J.Murnane, The Road to Kadesh: A Historical Interpretation of the Battle Reliefs of King Sety I at Karnak, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985.以及后世埃及学家对这些文献的解读与翻译。

一、图像资料中的战俘形象

新王国时期关于战俘主题的文献主要包括神庙墙壁上的王室铭文*卡尔纳克阿蒙神庙、底比斯拉美西斯二世(Ramesses Ⅱ)葬祭庙、阿布辛贝勒(Abu-Simbel)神庙、麦地奈特哈布(Medinet Habu)拉美西斯三世(Ramesses Ⅲ)葬祭庙。和私人自传体铭文*埃巴那(Ebana)之子阿赫摩斯(Ahmose)自传体铭文、阿赫摩斯派奈赫贝特(Ahmose-Pen-nekhbet)、阿蒙奈姆海布(Amenemheb)自传体铭文、希巴斯特(Sibast)自传体铭文。;图像资料来自神庙墙壁浮雕*卡尔纳克神庙多柱厅北墙塞梯一世战争浮雕、底比斯拉美西斯二世葬祭庙、阿布辛贝勒神庙、麦地奈特哈布拉美西斯三世葬祭庙、私人墓室的装饰性壁画*位于萨卡拉(Saqqara)的赫拉姆海布(Horemheb)作为图坦哈蒙将军任期内的墓室;……

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