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有色金属真空冶金技术的开发和应用

2018-01-03张雪冰

科技创新与应用 2018年32期

张雪冰

摘 要:文章对有色金属真空冶金技术特点如金属反应受气体影响较小、把控系统内外物质流動及生产过程污染度较低等进行分析,并对真空冶金的几种开发技术如真空还原、真空蒸馏、真空脱气及真空烧结等进行阐述,真空冶金技术的应用,是将真空技术的广泛应用及技术进步作为基础。因此,文章以真空熔炼、铸造领域中的冷坩埚真空感应熔炼炉应用及真空热处理领域中的新型电子束熔炼为例进行具体分析,望以此推动我国冶金技术进一步发展。

关键词:有色金属;真空冶金技术;真空蒸馏;真空烧结;真空脱气

中图分类号:TF13 文献标志码:A 文章编号:2095-2945(2018)32-0159-02

Abstract: The technical characteristics of vacuum metallurgy of nonferrous metals, such as less influence of gas on metal reaction, material flow inside and outside the control system, and low contamination in production process, are analyzed in this paper. Several development technologies of vacuum metallurgy such as vacuum reduction, vacuum distillation, vacuum degassing and vacuum sintering are expounded. The application of vacuum metallurgy technology is based on the extensive application and technical progress of vacuum technology. Therefore, the application of cold crucible vacuum induction melting furnace in the field of vacuum melting and casting and the new type electron beam melting in the field of vacuum heat treatment are analyzed in detail in order to promote the further development of metallurgical technology in our country.

Keywords: nonferrous metals; vacuum metallurgy technology; vacuum distillation; vacuum sintering; vacuum degassing

自1960年后,真空冶金技术的成长、发展均较为迅速。因真空冶金技术的不断进步,相应的冶金设备质量也随之持续提升,发展趋势越发多样化、自动化及大型化。此外,高真空技术、超高真空技术也在金属冶金领域被广泛应用。目前,真空冶金涂层技术也随之发展,此项技术除可改变材料表面性能外,也逐渐成为新型材料的制作途径。

1 真空冶金技术特点

首先,金属反应受气体影响较小。因真空环境下气体稀薄,所以真空环境下的冶金操作受气体影响较小。金属于真空环境下熔化时,并不会溶解气体。当金属材料于真空环境下加热至一定温度时,无论是液态金属、固体金属均极少产生氧化现象,真空环境下的气体充分遵守理想气体方程。其次,真空系统可有效把控系统内、外物质流动。……

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