赵婧文，卢志兴，陈又清

(中国林业科学研究院资源昆虫研究所，云南 昆明 650224)

云南绿春县天然次生林和4种人工林树冠层蚂蚁群落多样性

赵婧文，卢志兴，陈又清*

(中国林业科学研究院资源昆虫研究所，云南 昆明 650224)

天然次生林；人工林；树种选择；树冠层蚂蚁；群落多样性

Abstract:[Objective]To explore the effect of secondary natural forest and plantations on the diversity of canopy foraging ant communities and the influence of tree selections in plantations on the diversity of canopy foraging ant communities.[Method]Investigations of ant communities in secondary natural forest and four plantations were conducted by trap at Lüchun County, Yunnan Province. Meanwhile, the plant diversity and foliage density were investigated. [Result](1) 17998 ant individuals were collected, which belonging to 68 species, 29 genera, and 6 subfamilies of Formicidae. (2) Ant abundance ranked as lac insect-corn agroforests > lac insect plantations > eucalyptus plantations > rubber plantations > secondary natural forests. (3) Ant richness ranked as lac insect-corn agroforests > lac insect plantations > secondary natural forests > eucalyptus plantations > rubber plantations. (4) ACE index ranked as lac insect-corn agroforests > lac insect plantations > secondary natural forests > eucalyptus plantations >rubber plantations. (5) Significantly negative relationship was found between canopy foraging ant abundance, species richness and litter coverage, foliage density of the zone above 300 cm, and the tree crown density, but positive relationship was found between the ant abundance, species richness and herbage coverage. Meanwhile, there were significantly negative relations between ACE index and litter coverage, herbage coverage, and tree crown density, but a positive correlation between ACE index and foliage density of the zone from 175 cm to 199.9 cm. [Conclusion]Plantation has a certain positive role to the ant diversity conversation, especially has a significantly effect by choosing native tree. Reasonable management of plantation is conducive to the conservation of biological diversity.

Keywords: secondary natural forest; plantation; tree species selection; canopy foraging ant; community diversity

人工林由于其经济价值日益成为全球森林的重要组分[1]。中国人工林面积居世界首位，面积达6 933万hm2，云南省绿春县人工林主要包括桉树林、橡胶林和紫胶林等。人工林的大面积种植使人们开始关注其对生物多样性的保护是否有利。有研究表明，人工林会降低生物多样性[2-3]。人工林中的物种丰富度和多度均减少，甚至当地种、特有种和被保护的稀有物种缺失，同时常见种的多度增加，使少量常见、分布广泛的物种占据优势地位[4-5]。除此之外，人工林的树种选择是影响生物多样性的因素之一，选择非乡土树种使本地物种无法适应这些外来树种及其所营造的环境[6-7]，但目前国内针对人工林树种选择对生物多样性影响的研究，多是针对林内植物多样性，而对节肢动物的研究很少。

蚂蚁是地球上分布最广泛的昆虫，以其良好的分类知识库和对环境变化的敏感性经常被用来作为环境的指示生物[8]。研究发现，树冠层节肢动物群落中90%以上的个体为蚂蚁[9]，而且树冠层蚂蚁的捕食压力，能够显著影响树冠节肢动物群落的多样性、群落结构和动态[10-11]，进而对生态系统服务产生影响。树冠层蚂蚁多样性受到植被结构[12]、植物多样性[13]、栖息地干扰[14]和食物资源分布[15]等多种因素的影响。树冠层蚂蚁多数来自地表，……