中华思想文化术语(连载六)

1.八卦 /bāɡuà/

Eight Trigrams

引例 Citations：

古者包牺氏之王天下也，仰则观象于天，俯则观法于地，观鸟兽之文与地之宜，近取诸身，远取诸物，于是始作八卦，以通神明之德，以类万物之情。(《周易·系辞下》)

(古时伏羲氏统治天下，仰头观察天上的物象，俯身观察大地的法则，观察鸟兽的斑纹以及地上适宜生养之物，近处取法于人体自身，远处取法于万物的形象，于是初始创作了“八卦”，以会通事物神妙显明的本质，以区分归类万物的情态。)

When Fuxi was the ruler under heaven，he looked up into the sky to observe celestial phenomena，looked down on the land to observe geographical features and examine the images of birds，animals，and all other things that existed on earth. He selected symbols from the human body close by and from various objects far away，and then invented the eight trigrams to explain the miraculous nature and distinguish the states of all things. (TheBookofChanges)

2.卦爻 /ɡuàyáo/

GuaandYao(Trigrams and Component Lines)

引例 Citations：

八卦成列，象在其中矣；因而重之，爻在其中矣。(《周易·系辞下》)

(八卦创立分列，万物的象征就在其中了；根据八卦重成六十四卦，所有的爻就都在其中了。)

When the eight trigrams were invented，they embodied the images of all things. When the eight trigrams were multiplied by eight trigrams and permuted into the 64 hexagrams，all the 384 lines were included. (TheBookofChanges)

圣人有以见天下之动，而观其会通，以行其典礼，系辞焉以断其吉凶，是故谓之爻。(《周易·系辞上》)

(圣人看到天下万物的运动变化，观察其中的会合贯通之处，从而施行制度礼仪，在“爻”下附系文辞以判断吉凶，所以称之为“爻”。)

When sages saw the changes or events happening under heaven，they observed the similarities of the events and responded with appropriate rites and rituals. They judged their implications of the changes by obtaining explanations from theyao. (TheBookofChanges)

3.君子 /jūnzǐ/

Junzi(Man of Virtue)

“君子”最初用以指称人的社会身份与地位，一般指统治者和贵族男子。但自孔子始，“君子”更多地被赋予了道德的意义，德行出众者被称为“君子”，反之为“小人”。在儒家传统中，“君子”成为一种介乎士和圣贤之间的人格理想，它标志着道德人格的确立。“君子”有志于追寻和实践作为价值理想的“道”，并把“道”而不是权力或利益等视为生命意义的根本。

Junzi(君子) was originally used to indicate a person’s social status，generally referring to a ruler or a member of the aristocracy. Beginning with Confucius，the term acquired an additional moral dimension and came to mean someone of true virtue. The opposite ofjunziisxiaoren(小人)，which roughly means the“petty men.”In the Confucian tradition，junziis someone who is above a scholar and below a sage in terms of moral influence. A man of virtue pursues and practices the ideal known asDaoand regardsDaoas the fundamental meaning of life above power or gains.

引例 Citations：

君子喻于义，小人喻于利。(《论语·里仁》)

(君子知晓并遵循义，小人知晓并追逐利。)

A man of virtue understands and observes what is morally right；while a petty man only has his eyes on and goes after what brings personal gains. (TheAnalects)

君子，成德之名。……