卡尔德斯德蒙特维蔬果园中灌溉系统的复兴

Recovery of the Irrigation System at the Thermal Orchards in Caldes de Montbui

水是生命，久而久之，人类对水的社会生产管理演变为特定的景观，而这些景观又成为了水的空间形态表达。在传统城市中，城市及周边区域的大部分活动都由水主导或参与其中，加深了人们对城市与土地间关系的理解。参考E.A.里格利（E.A. Wrigley）[1]所 述，这种关系形成了一种有机生产模式，公民作为水的使用者，通过自我管理和日常生产活动来发挥积极作用，从而因地制宜地使用资源。水曾经被视为公共物品，它既是一种社会资源，也是一种文化资产，因此市民懂得如何正确地用水。

1999年科学家拉雷多（Naredo）和巴莱罗（Valero）[2]提出，自工业革命以来，城市系统的发展及城市系统与其领土的脱节制约着我们与水的关系。人们对于水的管理方式已经从社区直接使用的模式转变为市政公用模式，这意味着水具有成为私人商品的风险[3]，这导致水和使用者之间的直接联系被切断。随着经济发展，水资源管理模式转变为以需求为本的系统管理，使用者在其中扮演着被动的角色。因此，传统基础设施逐渐变得过时而被人们遗忘。社区开始被剥夺控制水资源的能动性，使得社区意识衰退，水逐步从社区中消失[4]。

1 俯瞰蔬果园和新水池Overview of the vegetable gardens and the new pool

然而，如果我们从系统性和综合性的角度来理解水资源管理，就有可能将传统管理视作一种非物质文化遗产。除了其物质层面，这种遗产包含了当地传统及其物理、文化、社会和经济特性，因此使得资源有机管理成为可能[5]。这是一种重要的模型，可以用以改变当前城市社会的新陈代谢方式[6]。

城市边缘区域灌溉用水的管理模式将这种非物质遗产引向农业活动领域。在许多城市及其边缘区域，农业灌溉是一项历史悠久的传统活动，可以保障家庭的粮食供给，促进城市的自给自足。由于生产的可追溯性，当地园艺产品的质量得到了保证，农民日常实践和传统知识的传承也得以促进[7]。由于生产的非机械化及非工业化，亦不需要机动交通，这种近距离生产还促进了低能耗的城市食品模式的发展。

因此，如前所述，水遗产管理也是社区日常活动。如果不努力恢复社区的参与，就难以改善对水和农业区域的管理。 发挥利益相关者在资源管理中的积极作用为复兴公共文脉提供了机会[8]。

基于此理论框架，以下开始介绍蔬果园中灌溉系统复兴的实践。该项目位于一片叫做低地花园（Hortes de Baix）的边缘地带。历史上该区域一直作为农业灌溉空间而存在，占地3.7hm2，是毗邻巴塞罗那的温泉古镇—卡尔德斯德蒙特维的核心。然而随着20世纪城市的发展，这片久负盛名的田园景观正经历着来自环境变迁与社会结构调整的双重压力，灌溉系统的水源污染、游览途径的缺失以及农业人口的瓦解与消失让该区域走向难以避免的衰落。

蔬果园过去是由温泉中溢出的泉水和流入灌溉渠的城区降水所浇灌。这条灌溉渠道由将近3m高的石墙组成，它是灌溉系统的主要组成部分。但是随着城市的发展，水道逐渐被掩埋，同时大量来自城市中心的污水流入其中。这条水道已成为一个开敞的下水道。恶臭气味和不雅景象不仅威胁着园艺生产，也降低了公众可接近性。幸而这种情况唤起了公众的重视，水作为公共财产和非物质遗产的载体需要重新融入人们的生活。

2 蔬果园的轴测图和主要建造细节Axonometry of the vegetable gardens and details of the main built operations.

3 历史条件分析与项目规划Analysis of Historical condition and the plan of project.

市政公共空间委员会发起该项目，并为改造该项目发表了地方倡议。市议会希望该项目重建水系统，清洁灌溉水源，引流废水，并让其成为城市的一个重要部分。设计建议：开放私人都市园艺作为新的公共空间，促进食物的自给自足; 整个设计过程将与农业组织和利益相关者保持紧密的联系，让他们真正参与到设计中; 推广传统水资源管理作为物质与非物质文化遗产的宝贵意义，让居民认识其重要性。

4 用于储存和冷却温泉水的新水池，柳树形成自然的栅栏New pool to accumulate and cool thermal water and living willow creating a natural fence

通过基于社区的参与性调查，设计团队高效地完成了前期研究。该方法论（参与式研究行动- IAP）来源于弗莱雷教育学[9]。很多学者均就此进行过探讨，领域内主要文献包括福斯·博达（Fals-Borda，1991）、怀特（White）和佩蒂特（Pettit，2004）以及莱德维特和斯普林格特[10]的著作。

参与式方法论常用于传统的政治领域，但值得一提的是它也适用于景观领域的框架优化[11]。因此，这是一种可以帮助人们理解多方需求，同时保证环境平衡的方法[12]。

在整个过程中，通过与农业组织的合作，设计团队发现了私人温泉中水资源管理的漏洞，决定将其多余的水量与温泉浴场的多余水量一并引入水系统中用作灌溉水源。蔬果园灌溉水的缺乏并不是因为温泉水供应的短缺，而是由于水资源管理不善。在项目开始时，每天自然流出的1 000m3水中有2/3在被私人温泉使用后直接排放到河流中，没有进行滞留、补给或冷却等再利用处理。

在两年的参与式行动研究中，社区的灌溉协会也逐渐恢复生机。在不改变现存灌溉系统和社会管理方式的基础上，他们可以依据社区情况适度采取干预措施。该项目花费了93 881欧元并创立了一个市政就业计划。日常维护由灌溉社区协会承担，而重要问题由市政府统筹。

该项目的第一个目标是制定规划：复兴园艺社区，以巩固其组织结构、个人权利，有效地管理温泉水资源。在此意义上，社区管理者通过建立灌溉协会进行授权，从而对这些资源、蔬果园的物理空间和基础设施进行集体管理。

第二个目标是通过整合理论知识和当前技术（基于资源管理的城市生态学策略）[13]，从理解传统的资源管理入手，促进可持续的城市设计，在调节城市社会新陈代谢的同时应对社会和环境的挑战。

第二个目标的实现包括两个阶段：首先，通过对灌溉系统和人行道的可持续性管理提高场地的可达性。其次，作为社区主导过程的一部分，为保证供水，将来自温泉的剩余水资源进行回收利用，用以灌溉蔬果园。为此设计建造了一个新的公共水池，用以储存和冷却温泉水。池子与现存的灌溉系统相连接，利用重力将水源输送到各个角落，而无需引入任何机械设备。生活污水被导流至下水系统，一条全新的小径顺着更新改造后的主灌溉渠延伸，将城市与农田连接到一起。位于石墙之内的小路让灌溉系统古朴的外观得以完整地保留下来。

花岗岩石头、陶瓷手工砖、手动闸门、铁丝网和围栏，这一切都使园艺文化中质朴的自我建构特质愈发凸显。而柳树作为温泉文化传承的符号，被栽植到了这片场地之中。最后，建立一个创新的试验系统，利用在浮动花园上种植水生植物的过滤方式，无需额外的液体振荡过程，即可吸收残留的有机物质。

5 新水池细节展示，由易维护的混凝土建造，用于储存和冷却温泉水Detail of the new pool to accumulate and cool thermal water built with concrete to allow an easy maintenance

设计团队从政治、生产力与公众性三方面最终评价本项目的价值。第一，政治：政府承诺提升区域形象及地位，并通过长期扶持，最终创建一个迄今为止从未成立过的园艺协会。这保证了灌溉区域的自治管理、内部规则的建立、与市议会的沟通、历史遗产的保护以及对于当地知识的世代传承。第二，生产水平：获得清洁水有利于有机耕作的实践，同时可以增加灌溉回流。从长远来看，农产品的销售也将成为本地旅游经济中的支柱。最后是公众层面：蔬果园成为一个公共开放空间，提升了这片农业空间的辨识度、内涵与教育性。

全新的社团合作模式与生态策略也要求设计团队作为调节者和观察者，从不同的领域引入创新性的概念并与各种各样的合作者协同合作，帮助设计团队在项目的技术领域交流、沟通并做出决策。

项目位置：卡尔德斯德蒙布伊（巴塞罗纳）

项目类型：公共空间和参与项目

设计总监：玛塔·塞拉·珀曼亚（Cíclica事务所），埃琳娜·阿尔芭蕾达·费尔南德斯(Cíclica事务所)，霍尔迪·卡尔贝多·奥多玛（CAVAA事务所）

建筑师：玛塔·塞拉·珀曼亚（Cíclica事务所），埃琳娜·阿尔芭蕾达·费尔南德斯(Cíclica事务所)，霍尔迪·卡尔贝多·奥多玛（CAVAA事务所）

项目团队：卡尔德斯德蒙布伊蔬果园园艺协会，阿莱克斯·瑞法—水利工程师，华金姆·阿卡斯和阿德里亚·马丁（Cíclica事务所），艾索索西尔，阿库达帕佐斯，维沃斯泰尔和克罗斯

施工团队：本地团队

业主单位：卡尔德斯德蒙布伊市政厅

协助单位：公共空间顾问委员会（卡尔德斯德蒙布伊市议会），公共占用规划小组

项目面积：3.7hm2

造价：93 881欧元

项目起始及建成时间：2013年5月—2015年9月

奖项：2016年欧洲城市公共空间奖；2017年Bauwelt奖；入选2016年FAD奖；入选2016年罗莎·芭芭国际景观奖；入选2017年欧盟欧洲建筑密斯凡德罗奖

图片来源：图1、4～11©阿德里亚·古拉；图2、3、13© CICLICA，CAVAA；图12©何塞·托斯顿

翻译：张希

校对：唐彧玮

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[2] Naredo, J. and Valero,A.Desarrolloeconómico y deterioroecológico[M]. Madrid: Argentaria Visor, 1999.

[3] Guàrdia, M. et al. La revolució de l'aigua a Barcelona. De la ciutat preindustrial a la metròpoli moderna,1867-1967[C]. Barcelona: MUHBA, Ajuntament de Barcelona, 2011.

[4] Hardy and Ward, C. Arcadia for all: the legacy of a makeshift landscape[M]. London: Mansell, 1984.

[5] Laureano, P. La Piramiderovesciata: ilmodellodell'oasi per ilpianeta terra[M]. Torino: BollatiBoringhieri, 1995.

[6] Fischer-Kowalski, M., Huttler, W.Society's Metabolism. The Intellectual History of Materials Flow Analysis, Part II, 1970-1998[J]. Journal of Industrial Ecology M.I.T, 1999, 2(4): 107-136.

[7] Vidal, A. and Prades, V.Elogi de l’horturbà. Vilafranca del[M]. Penedès: Edicionsi Propostes Culturals Andana, cop, 2013.

[8] Hayden, D.The power of place.Urban landscape as públic history, Cambridge[M]. Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1995.

[9] Freire, P. Pedagogy of the Oppressed[M]. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972.

[10] Ledwith, M. and Springett, J.Participatory practice: community-based action for transformative change[M]. Bristol: The Policy Press, 2010.

[11] Lakoff, G., Mora, M. El cambio de marcoescambio social, in No pienses en un elefante: lenguaje y debate político[J]. Madrid: Editorial Complutense, 2007: 4-5.

[12] Cuchí, A. et al.Estrategia Verde Urbana de Santiago de Compostela[M]. Santiago de Compostela, 2010.

[13] Bettini, V. et al. Elementi di Ecologia Urban[M]. Torino: EinaudiEditore, 1996.

（编辑/刘蓝蓝）

6 用于储存和冷却温泉水的新水池，柳树形成自然的栅栏New pool to accumulate and cool thermal water and living willow creating a natural fence

Water is life, and the landscapes generated by its social and productive management are their spatial expression over time. In the traditional city, water carried out most of the urban and periurban activities, allowing the city to be understood in relation to its territory. Referring to E.A.Wrigley (1987) this relationship is based on an organic productive model where the citizens had an active role as users of water through everyday life practices of self-management and production, adapting the use of this resource to its availability in its territory. Water used to be a public good and citizens knew how to deal with it since it was a social resource, a cultural asset.

The scientists Naredo and Valero stated in 1999 that the growth of urban systems and their disconnection with its territory has conditioned our relationship with water since the industrial revolution. Its management has changed from a model where the communities were using it directly, to a public municipal model risking becoming a private commodity (Guardia et al., 2011). That caused a disconnection between water and users that, together with economic development, leaded the users to adopt a passive role which turned the management model into a demand-based system. Thus traditional infrastructures became obsolete falling into a process of oblivion. Water has been "stolen" from the community, a community deprived of agency and affected by the loss of sense of community (Hardy and Ward 1984).

However if we understand water management from a systemic and integrated point of view, it is possible to read the traditional management as an intangible heritage. Beyond its material dimension this heritage recognizes the traditional knowledge and its physical, cultural, social and economic representation that enabled an organic management of resources (Laureano 1995) which means a key model to transform our current urban social metabolism (Fischer-Kowalski and Hüttler 1999).

The management of water to irrigate the periphery of the city extends the intangible heritage of water to the agricultural activity itself. This is an age-old traditional activity in many urban and periphery spaces that guarantees food sustenance to many families, allowing the city to be more selfsufficient. Local horticultural products produced in those spaces do not only stand out for the traceability of their production as a guarantee of their quality but also trigger the preservationof farmer’s daily practices and their traditional knowledge (Vidal and Prades 2013). This proximity production also fosters an urban food model of low consumption connected to fossil energies, either because of the non-mechanization or industrialization of production, or because it does not require motorized transportation.

7 用于储存和冷却温泉水的新水池，就像种植大型水生植物的浮动花园，植物可以净化水质New pool to accumulate and cool thermal water and phytotreatment with macrophytes planted on floating gardens

So, as we pointed out before, management of water heritage is community daily practices as well. Working to improve the management of water and agricultural areas is not possible without working towards the reactivation of the community. Recovering the active role of stakeholders involved in resource management opens up the opportunity to recover public memory (Hayden 1995).

Within this theoretical frame, we introduce the project developed by the authors of this paper. The project is located in a peripheral land called Hortes de Baix (low gardens). Hortes de Baix is an historical space of irrigation consisting of 3.7Ha annexed to the main core of the village, Caldes de Montbui, a thermal city founded by romans in the metropolitan region of Barcelona. This space has suffered the gradual environmental and social degradation of its landscape. This particular process of peripheral landscapes of the twentieth century is here mainly caused by the water pollution of a local stream that supplies the irrigation system, a lack of security of accessibility to the space and the breakdown of the irrigation community.

These vegetable gardens were historically watered with the surplus of thermal washing places and the stream rainwater that poured into the main irrigation canal. This canal, formed by stone walls almost 3m high, is the main element of the irrigation system. But with urban growth the stream was covered and poured much of the sewage from the urban center. The canal has become an open sewer. This has caused health risk for the horticultural production as well as for its public accessibility (extreme bad odors and visual effect). The limited availability of clean water triggered the claim for water as a public good asset, as a heritage to reintegrate into the citizen imaginary.

The project was born within the municipal Public Space Board, which gives voice to local initiatives to improve it. The City Council commissioned the assignment to solve the needof more clean water for irrigation, to channel the wastewater open flow and to facilitate accessibility from the city center. We proposed: to recover the private horticultural landscape as a new public space that encourages food self- sufficiency; to codesign the process with the irrigation community and stakeholders; and to recognize the key value of traditional water management as a tangible and intangible heritage.

The intervention is developed through participatory action research, a community-based participatory research. The common way of naming this methodology (participatory researchaction - IAP) comes mainly from the Freireanpedagogy (Freire 1972). Different authors have developed this concept and the main literature on this field refers to Fals-Borda (1991), White and Pettit (2004) and Ledwith and Springett (2010).

8 新的道路可以提高该区域的可达性，使蔬果园成为一个公共开放空间New walkway to improve access to the area allowing the vegetable gardens to become an open public space

9 新的道路可以提高花园的可达性，提升这片农业空间的辨识度、内涵与教育性New walkway to improve access to the gardens to promote recognition, inclusion and education of the agrarian space

Participatory methodologies allow performing the conventional political sphere, but especially they enable awareness for the transformation of perceptual frameworks of the landscape (Lakoff 2007). Thus, we propose tools which facilitate this change of perspective (Cuchí et al., 2010), another approach which is essential for a proper transformation and balance of the environment.

Throughout this process and together with the gardeners, we detected an inadequate management of the water surplus from private thermal spas poured into the stream. So we proposed to reuse it for irrigation as well as the surplus water from thermal washing places. The lack of thermal water in the orchards did not respond to a shortage in thermal water supply but to an inadequate management of this resource. At the time that the project began, two-thirds of the 1,000m3of water that outcrop every day in a natural way were discharged to the river once they have been used by the private spas, without having spaces of retention, compensation or cooling for their reuse.

For two years of participatory action research, the irrigating community was recovered and empowered to agree on some bounded interventions without altering the existing irrigation system or its social management. The project was executed with 93,881€ and a Municipal Employment Plan. The maintenance is taken over by the irrigation community and eventual problems are managed by the municipality.

The first goal of the project is to propose a plan to reactivate the community of gardeners in order to consolidate their structure, representation and commitment to efficiently manage the thermal water resource. In this sense, the community of irrigators has been empowered by creating an association to collectively manage the resources and the physical space of the orchards and their infrastructures.

On the other hand, the second goal is to promote a sustainable urban design from the understanding of the traditional management of resources by using the knowledge and the current technical possibilities (strategies of urban ecology based on the management of resources -Bettini et al., 1996) to respond to social and environmental challenges while mobilizing the urban social metabolism.

This second goal has been developed through two stages: the sustainable management of the irrigation system and the walkway to improve accessibility. As part of the community-driven process, the surplus of water from thermal spas was recovered to irrigate orchards ensuring water supply. For that, a new public pool is built there to accumulate and cool thermal water. From there, we keep and recycle the existing irrigation system to deliver flooding turns by gravity operation, avoiding introducing any new mechanized device. Wastewater is channeled to the sewage collector allowing recovering the existing main canal with a new walkway to improve access to the area. This is supported inside the stone walls to not alter the canal traces appearance.

The presence of elements from horticultural self-construction identity is enhanced: granite stones, ceramic handmade bricks, manual floodgates, wire meshes and fences. We reintroduce live willow, formerly used to make willow baskets heated by thermal water. Finally, an innovative pilot system is developed: phytotreatment with macrophytes planted on floating gardens, to absorb residual organic material without altering the pool’s oscillation condition.

10 纵览新水池、蔬果园和主要干旱区域Overview of the new pool, the vegetable gardens and the main drought

The results of the project allow evaluatingthe project at three levels. First, the political: The Government has committed itself to dignify this place and to the long and intense participation process that culminates with the creation of a gardeners association hitherto nonexistent. A board with commissions is created to ensure self-management on the irrigated space, the establishment of internal rules, the communication with the city council, the visibility of its historical heritage and the necessary intergenerational transfer of local knowledge. Second, the productive level: obtaining clean water allows the practice of organic farming and increases irrigation turns. In the long term visitors would be expected to consume the cultivated products. And finally the civic level: the vegetable gardens become an open public space, promoting recognition, inclusion and education of the agrarian space.

The new community and ecological approach also challenged our architecture team to assume the role of mediators and observers by searching for innovative references from other fields by integrating external collaborators. This has allowed us to develop new tools of decision-making, to rethink the communication of the technical issues of the project.

11 灌溉渠使用该地区常用的陶瓷手工砖建造，连接主要干旱区域与新水池Detail of the bypass channels that connect the main drought with the new pool built with ceramic handmade bricks commonly used in the area

12 灌溉社区的参与性行动研究Participatory action research with the irrigation community

13 灌溉社区的参与者Irrigation community

Location:Caldes de Montbui (Barcelona)

Type:Public space and participation project

Design Principals:Marta Serra Permanyer (Cíclica [space · community · ecology]), Elena AlbaredaFernández (Cíclica [space · community · ecology]) and Jordi CalbetóAldomà (CAVAA)Project Architects:Marta Serra Permanyer (Cíclica [space · community · ecology]), Elena AlbaredaFernández (Cíclica [space · community · ecology]) and Jordi CalbetóAldomà (CAVAA)

Project team:Gardeners Association of the Hortes de Baix de Caldes de Montbui, AleixRifà - hydraulic engineer, Joaquim Arcas and Adrià Martin (Cíclica), Esocalsl, Aquadipòsits,ViversTer and Pont de Querós

ConstructionTeam: Plad'ocupació local

Client:Caldes de Montbui Town Hall

Assistance:Public Space Advisory Board (Caldes de Montbui City Council) and Public Occupancy Plan

Site Area:3.7hm2

Cost:93 881€

Start/end: May 2013/September 2015

Awards:European Prize for Urban Public space 2016; Bauwelt award 2017; Selected in FAD Adwards 2016; Selected in Rosa Barba international landscape prize 2016; Selected in EU Mies Van DerRohe award for European architecture 2017

Photography:Fig. 1/4-11©AdriàGoula; Fig. 2/3/13© CAVAA, Cíclica; Fig. 12 ©Jose Tostoneone

Translator:ZHNAG Xi

Proofreader: TANG Yu-wei