高忠文

摘要：两个不在同一点上电荷之间的相互作用力，在不同参考系中观测值不同的论证基础是电荷之间的相互作用需要传递时间。首先分析一个电荷先产生电场和磁场，电磁场以光速在真空中传递到另一电荷上产生作用力过程的假设基础。指出了根据相对论同时性，得出电荷受力在不同参考系中将发生在不同时间、其力也不会大小相等方向相反、牛顿第三定律不成立结论的问题所在。在此基础上，给出力在不同参考系下保持不变的依据。并根据力在不同参考系下保持不变的条件，结合电荷所受的库仑力及电磁力的情况，给出电量在不同参考系下相对性的表述形式及其论证方法。基于力在不同参考系内保持不变的假设条件，利用类似的推导过程，爱因斯坦的质量相对性的表述公式同样可以被推导出来。

关键词：狭义相对论；电量；力；参考系

DOI：1015938/jjhust201702008

中图分类号： O0412

文献标志码： A

文章编号： 1007-2683（2017）02-0039-05

Abstract：The demonstration foundation， which is used to demonstrate that observed values from the interaction force between two charges， which are not at the same point would be different in different reference frames， is that the transmission of the interaction between charges needs time Firstly， this paper analyzes the foundation of hypothetical process that the electric field and the magnetic field are built by one charge， and then the electromagnetic field would be transferred to another charge in vacuo by the speed of light， and produces force It points out that from the simultaneity of relativity， the force applied to charge would occur in different time in the different reference frames， the force would be neither in the same size nor in the opposite direction， and Newton，s Third Law is not valid longer， the deeper cause of these conclusions would be known On this basis， this paper gives the basis that force would keep invariant in different reference frames， and according to this condition， with the situation of the charge that under the Coulombian force and electromagnetism， the relative form of expression and demonstration methods of electric quantity in different reference frames are given On the basis of the hypothesis that force would keep invariant in different reference frames， with the similar derivation process， the mass relativity equation of Einstein would be obtained

Keywords：electric quantity； special relativity； force； reference frame

0引言

1905年，愛因斯坦在德国的《物理学记事》刊物发表狭义相对论[1]，为现代物理学的发展奠定了基础。在爱因斯坦相对论发表后，人们才真正把运动作为物质存在的方式和物质的形态联系起来。文献[2]认为作用在两个电荷上的力在不同参考系中所指的将不是同一时间。如果假定麦克斯韦方程组服从相对性原理，那么电荷不变原理便可由麦克斯韦方程组推出[2]。泡利（Pauli）在文[3]指出：“因为电子理论符合相对论，因此对于给定电子的运动计算电磁场而言，相对论不会得出以前洛伦兹电子理论所不曾包括的结果”。……