徐海军 王书瑞 王晓飞 郭梦桥 关向军 孙宇峰

摘 要 北方地區利用温室栽培辣木（Moringa oleifera Lam.）及其2个改良品种‘PKM1和‘PKM2，通过分析表观生长量、养分含量以及光合特性等指标的差异性，筛选适宜北方温室种植的辣木品种。结果表明：PKM1的高生长和增粗生长均显著快于辣木和PKM2（p<0.05），在定干前（71 d）三者平均株高依次为115.7、80.2、81.0 cm，地径依次达17.47、13.27、15.08 mm。植株养分季节变化，PKM1养分状况要优于辣木和PKM2，在5月份，PKM1叶片中全氮（44.32 mg/g）、全钾（12.73 mg/g）含量显著高于其它2个品种（p<0.05），全磷和可溶性糖含量品种间无显著性差异；7月份，PKM1可溶性糖显著高于其它2个品种；光合特性分析，3个品种在弱光条件下的光量子利用效率及光补偿能力差异不显著（p<0.05），随着光强增加，光量子的转化能力出现显著性差异，PKM1的最大净光合速率（Amax）显著高于辣木和PKM2（p<0.05），最高达23.84 μmol CO2/（m2·s）。可见，北方设施条件下，PKM1的生长速度、养分状况、光合能力均表现最好，较适宜北方温室栽培。

关键词 辣木；设施栽培；光合特性；生长差异

中图分类号 S567.1 文献标识码 A

The Growth Difference of Moringa Oleifera and Its Improved

Varieties Under Facilities in North China

XU Haijun1，2， WANG Shurui3， WANG Xiaofei1， GUO Mengqiao1， GUAN Xiangjun1， SUN Yufeng1 *

1 Daqing Branch， Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences， Daqing， Heilongjiang 163319， China

2 Key Lab of Forest Plant Ecology， Ministry of Education， Northeast Forestry University， Harbin， Heilongjiang 150040， China

3 Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences， Harbin， Heilongjiang 150001， China

Abstract Moringa oleifera Lam.， PKM1 and PKM2 were planted in the greenhouse. In order to select suitable varieties for growing in the north of China， some characteristics which including the seedling growth， nutrient content， and photosynthesis were analyzed. The results showed that PKM1 was significantly faster than Moringa oleifera and PKM2（p<0.05）on plant height growth and ground diameter growth. In 71 days，the plant average height of the three varieties was 115.7， 80.2， 81.0 cm and the ground diameter was 17.47， 13.27， 15.08 mm， respectively. During the growth season， the nutrient status of PKM1 was better than that of M. oleifera and PKM2. In May， the contents of nitrogen（44.32 mg/g）and potassium（12.73 mg/g）in the leaves of PKM1 were significantly higher than thato of PKM2 and Moringa oleifera， while there were no significant difference on the contents of phosphorus and soluble sugar among PKM1， Moringa oleifera and PKM2； In July， the soluble sugar content of PKM1 was significantly higher than that of the others. On the photosynthetic characteristics， the three varieties had no significant difference on quantum efficiency and light compensation ability under weak light. But with increasing of light intensity， the quantum efficiency had significant difference. PKM1 was significantly higher than M. oleifera and PKM2 in the maximum photosynthetic rate， which was up to 23.84 μmol CO2/（m2·s）. So PKM1 was the best species in growth and development potential among the investigated plants， and It was suitable for planting under conditions facility in North China.

Key words Moringa oleifera Lam.； facility cultivation； photosynthetic characteristics； growth difference

doi 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2017.08.004

辣木（Moringa oleifera Lam.）系辣木科（Moringaceae） 辣木属（Moringa）多年生落叶乔木，原产于印度西部喜马拉雅山区，广泛分布于热带、亚热带干旱及半干旱地区，性喜光、喜温、耐旱且抗逆性强，属多用途经济树种，其嫩稍、叶片、果荚富含多种矿物质和维生素，作为蔬菜和食品有增进营养、食疗保健的功能[1-2]，同时在饲用[3-4]、化工[5]、油用[6]、药用[7-10]、污水治理和水源净化[11-13]等方面也有独特的经济价值，因此被誉为“神奇之树”。

近年来，随着辣木营养价值和药用价值逐渐被重视，南方各省开始大量引进辣木资源并规模化种植，现已形成产业链[10-15]，而北方地区辣木资源的引进和开发起步较晚，由于气候寒冷，露天不能栽培，经过试验研究，设施条件下可以进行栽培利用。目前，国内种植较为广泛的辣木品种有辣木（M. oleifera）、印度改良辣木（‘PKM1）和非洲辣木（M. stenopetala）等品种，其中种植最广、研究报道最多的是辣木（M. oleifera），相关报道也多集中在种子预处理[16]、基质与催芽的关系[17]、不同栽培基质对辣木产量的影响[18]、光强对辣木生理影响[19]、叶面肥对辣木生长影响[20]、不同产地辣木叶片养分比较[21]等方面，针对设施条件下辣木品种间生理生长差异性分析还未见报道，了解不同辣木品种在北方设施条件下的生长状况及其差异性，可为北方地区辣木种植和产业化推广提供科学指导。……