付丽丽

山东

特殊句式具有特定的形式和意义，不同于常规的语法规律和形式，在对其进行掌握和应用方面有独特之处，因此，对特殊句式的考查既是高考命题的一个重点，也是考生得分的一个难点。

高考对特殊句式的考查主要体现在以下几个方面：倒装句、省略句、强调句、虚拟语气以及其他特殊句式。

一、特殊句式的考点

1. 倒装、省略和虚拟

特殊句式的考查中，倒装与省略是最大的考查点。倒装句通过改变正常的句子成分排列顺序增加了理解的难度，主要考点如下。

（1） 表示“一……就……”的时间状语从句：Hardly/Scarcely...when...，No sooner...than...。

（2）only强调状语引起句子倒装。

（3）方位副词或否定副词置于句首引起倒装。

（4）so/such…that...引导结果状语从句引起倒装。

【典例1】 Only when Lily walked into the office ______ that she had left the contract at home. （2015年天津卷）

A. she realized

B. has she realized

C. she has realized

D. did she realize

解析：本题考查only在句首引起的倒装结构。only位于句首引导时间状语从句，主句要用主谓倒装结构。再根据句子使用的过去时态可知，答案应该选D。

【典例2】Only after talking to two students ________ that having strong motivation is one of the biggest factors in reaching goals.（2015年湖南卷）

A. I did discover

B. did I discover

C. I discovered

D. discovered

解析：本题考查only在句首引起的倒装结构。only所修饰的状语为状语从句时， 该状语从句的主谓不倒装，但是主句的谓语要倒装。因此，答案选B。

省略句则因为减少了句子成分而变得难以理解，特别是一些句子中对主语的省略。

【典例3】—The movie starts at 8：30， and we can have a quick bite before we go.

— ________ . See you at 8：10. （2016年浙江卷）

A. So long

B. Sounds great

C. Good luck

D. Have a good time

解析：本題考查省略了主语的习惯用语。“Sounds great.”之前省略了主语it， 指代上句中所说的看电影之前吃快餐的主意，在口语中常被省略。因此，答案选B。

如果状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致，并且是主系表或者谓语是进行时或被动语态时，可以将主语和be动词一起省略。例如：

While walking the dog， you were careless and it got loose and was hit by a car.

Though （they were） tired， they went on working.

You shouldnt come to his party unless （you were） invited.

也有一些句子既改变句子顺序，也省略句子成分，特别是虚拟语气中if引导的条件状语从句中谓语动词含有were， had 和should这三个词时，可省去if，将这三个词提前引起倒装。请比较典例4和典例5。

【典例4】 I was wearing a seat belt. If I hadnt been wearing one， I________. （2016年天津卷）

A. were injured

B. would be injured

C. had been injured

D. would have been injured

解析：本题考查if引导的虚拟语气。If引导虚拟语气时，从句使用had been wearing表示对过去动作行为的虚拟，主句要用表示对过去虚拟的would have done形式。因此，本题选D。

【典例5】Had the governments and scientists not worked together， AIDS-related deaths _______ since their highest in 2005. （2016年浙江卷）

A. had not fallen

B. would not fall

C. did not fall

D. would not have fallen

解析：本题考查if引导的虚拟语气。从句“Had the governments and scientists not worked together”既使用了省略又使用了倒装，这个句子的原型是“if the governments and scientists had not worked together”， 据此可以看出，从句是对过去动作行为的虚拟，主句也要用对过去虚拟的would have done形式。因此，本题选D。

2.强调句型

强调句型 “it be + 被强调部分+that/who+ 句子的其他成分”是高考试题对特殊句式考查的一个重点，主要考查对强调句型的识别及连接词that和who的选用。强调句式的主要特点是：去掉it be 和that/who这几个单词后，剩下的部分必须构成一个完整的句子，句子成分既不缺少，也不多余。

【典例1】 You are waiting at a wrong place. It is at the hotel _______ the coach picks up tourists. （2016年天津卷）

A. who

B. which

C. where

D. that

解析：本题考查强调句型。在这个句子中，去掉it is 和that后，剩下的句子部分可以构成一个完整的句子：The coach picks up tourists at the hotel.因此可以判定，这是一个强调句型，故答案选D。

【典例2】 But like so many other things， it is only too much stress ______ does you harm. （2016年上海卷）

解析：本题考查强调句型，空白处应该填入that。在这个句子中，去掉it is 和that后，剩下的句子部分可以构成一个完整的句子：Only too much stress does you harm.因此可以判定，该句考查强调句型，空白处应该填入that。

和强调句型相似，容易引起误解的其他几个常考句型有：

It is + 时间段 + since...意为“自从……以来有……时间”。

It is + 时间点 + when...意为“当……的时候，时间是……”。

It is + 时间段 + before...意为“还要过……才”。例如：

It is almost five years since we saw each other last time.

It was one oclock in the morning when he came back.

It wont be long before they understand each other.

3. 几个特殊的状语从句

状语从句中特殊句式的考查主要集中在比较状语从句和个别特殊引导词上。比较状语从句多集中考查“The more， the better”“A is to B what C is to D”或“as...as”的特殊句式。特殊引导词多体现在考查常见连词的熟词生义上。例如：用on doing和the moment等詞引导时间状语从句，表示“一……就……”等；when作“突然，在那时”或“如果”时引导的状语从句；while作“尽管”引导的让步状语从句。

【典例1】Up to a certain point， the more stress you are under， the _____（good） your performance will be. （2016年上海卷）

解析：本题考查“The more， the better”比较状语从句，空白处应该填入 better。这个句型具有典型的以the +形容词比较级开头的特征，根据前半句容易判定，后面也应该填入good的比较级better。

【典例2】We can achieve a lot when we learn to let our differences unite， rather than _______ us. （2016年浙江卷）

A. divide

B. reject

C. control

D. abandon

解析：本题考查比较句式。when引导的时间状语从句中使用了比较结构，rather than意为“而不是”，表示前后的对比，根据前面的unite（团结）选出后面的正确答案divide（分裂）。因此，答案选A。

【典例3】I had as much fun sailing the seas as I now do_______ with students. （2016年浙江卷）

A. working

B. work

C. to work

D. Worked

解析：本题考查非谓语动词，但试题的理解取决于对比较结构“as...as”的理解，答案选A。题干意思是“我过去航海所获得的乐趣与现在和学生一起工作所获得的乐趣一样多”。working with students是一个分词结构，相当于时间状语从句“when I am working with students”。

【典例4】虽然当时我年幼，不理解这部电影的含义，但我记得我的家人都感动得落泪了。（too…to...）（2016年上海卷，句子翻译）

解析：本题考查“too…to...”特殊句式，意为“太……而不能……”。答案是：Although I was then too young to understand the meaning of the film， I remember my family were moved to tears.

4. 其他特殊句式

除了以上列举的一些特殊句式外，常考的特殊句式还有：there be句型，祈使句+and+顺承结果，祈使句+or+相反结果，以及其他固定句式。

【典例1】为买一双运动鞋而通宵排队有意义吗？（point）（2016年上海卷，句子翻译）

解析：本题考查there be句型。答案是：What is the point of/in lining up for the whole night just to buy a pair of sports shoes？ / Is there any point （in） lining up for the whole night just to buy a pair of sports shoes？

【典例2】—Im thinking of going back to school to get another degree.

—Sounds great！ ________. （2016年天津卷）

A. It all depends

B. Go for it

C. Never mind

D. No wonder

解析：本題考查固定句式，答案选B。“Go for it！”是一个固定句式，意为“加油！”

二、巩固练习

（一）单句填空

1. It was when we were returning home ________ I realized what a good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble.

2. ________（observe）carefully if any change occurs when doing experiments in the lab.

3. Bach died in 1750， but it was not until the early 19th century ________ his musical gift was fully recognized.

4. Not until yesterday ________ little John change his mind.

5. Dont be discouraged. ________ （take） things as they are and you will enjoy every day of your life.

6. The climate here is quite pleasant， the temperature rarely，if________， reaching 30 degrees in summer.

7. It was the culture， rather than the language， ________ made it hard for him to adapt to the new environment abroad.

8. ________ （there be） no modern telecommunications， we would have to wait for weeks to get news from around the world.

9. Children，when ________（accompany） by their parents， are allowed to enter the stadium.

10. It was 80 years before Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic________ Zheng He sailed to East Africa.

11. The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise， if ________ （carry out） regularly， can improve our health.

12. ________ when you can find peace in your heart will you keep good relationships with others.

13. ________ （make） what youre doing today important， because youre trading a day of your life for it.

14. Its not doing the things we like， but liking the things we have to do ________ makes life happy.

15. It was not until we had stayed together for a couple of weeks ________ I found we had a lot in common.

16. When it comes to ________ （speak） in public， no one can match him.

17. No sooner ________ （have） Mo Yan stepped on the stage than the audience broke into thunderous applause.

18. Was it because Jack came late for school ________ Mr. Smith got angry？

19. Give me a chance， ________ Ill give you a wonderful surprise.

20. If he________ （catch） the morning train， he would not have been late for the meeting.

21. Someone has used my bike， but I dont know ________（who）.

22. While ________（wait）， I was reading some magazines.

23. Though ________（tire）， they went on working.

24. He paused as if ________（expect） her to speak.

25. No sooner had he gone to bed ________ he fell asleep.

26. Only when the war was over in 1918 ________（be） he able to get happily back to work.

27. ________ loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him.

28. ________ does John love Chinese， he is also good at speaking it.

29. Not until my son had entered the university ________（do） he realize the importance of time.

30. They arrived at a house， in front of which ________（sit） an old man.

31. Then ________（follow） eight years of the Anti Japanese War.

32. ________（call） me tomorrow and Ill let you know the lab result.

33. So loudly did Tom speak ________ everyone could hear him.

34. Clever ________ he is， he does not study well.

35. She does well in English， but is poor in maths. ________ it is with Lucy.

36. Hadnt it been for their help， we ________（finish） the work on time.

37. Hardly had he arrived ________ it began to snow.

38. —Do you think its going to rain over the weekend？

—I believe not./I believe ________.

39. ________ possible， I would like to go there tomorrow.

40. Hearing the dog barking fiercely， away________（flee） the thief.

（二）語篇填空

A

One day， Nick invited his friends to supper. He was cooking some delicious food in the kitchen 1 suddenly he found that he had run out of salt. So Nick called to his son，

“ 2 （go） to the village and buy some salt， but pay a fair price for it； neither too much

3 too little.”

His son looked surprised. “I can understand why I shouldnt pay too much， Father， but if I can pay less， why 4 save a bit of money？”

“That would be a very reasonable thing to do in a big city， but it could destroy a small village like ours，” Nick said.

Nicks guests， when 5 （hear） their conversation， asked why they should not buy salt more cheaply 6 they could. Nick replied， “Only when a man was desperate for money 7 （will）he sell salt at a lower price. And anyone who took advantage of that situation would be showing a lack of respect for the sweat and struggle of the man who worked very hard to produce it.”

“But such a small thing 8 it that the village couldnt possibly be destroyed.”

“In the beginning， there 9 only a very small amount of unfairness in the world， but everyone added a little， always thinking that it was only small and not very important，

10 look where we have ended up today.”

B

Tears went out of my eyes when I talked to my parents on 1 phone. What were they doing when I called them？ I had supper at five in the dining room. There is no need for me to cook and wash the dishes. However， now it is the 2 （busy） time for my parents. Dad works from seven in the morning to nine in the evening. Therefore， all of the housework is

3 （leave） to my mum alone. She also has to work in the vineyard， 4 her own job.

Every day she gets up at 4 oclock in the morning， and then works till dark. One day I called her at 7：30 in the evening. She told me she was still in the vineyard. Tears ran down

5 my cheeks.

Dear mum， Ill study hard in the university， but I want you to tend 6 （you） and dad.

Mum has ever said 7 the happiest time for Dad and her is when my sister and I come home. We play cards in the room， watch TV or do 8 else we like， with dad and mum 9 （prepare） delicious food in the kitchen. It is also the happiest time for me. I could forget all the difficulties and 10

（unhappy）. The only thing to do is to enjoy the time with my parents.

Love， sometimes， doesnt need many words. Love your parents like they love you. Give them a call， and tell them you miss them.

C

Everyone has his plans. I 1 have my plans. One of my important plans is to build a school 2 poor children.

As we all know， though our country is developing fast， there are 3 many poor children in mountain villages and some faraway places. Their families are very poor. Some

4 （have） no money to go to school and some have to drop out. They dont have normal education 5 have a strong wish to learn knowledge like 6 （we）.

How I wish to be able to help them！ I dont have very much money but I still want to help them. I am determined to study hard and try to learn all the subjects well. 7 so， I will be able to study in a good university and find a good job after 8 （graduate）. When I have earned enough money， I will set up a school for poor children and let them 9

（study） in it for free.

Though the above is just 10 plan， I will do my best. Of course， to realize it， I must study hard now.