王振江

名词性从句是高考英语语法填空题和短文改错题的重要考点，也是很多考生的失分点。究其原因，还是因为大家有时分不清从句的类型，无法正确选用连接词。

一、名词性从句的判定方法

在一篇语篇型语法填空中，若空格所在句子含有两套主谓结构，这说明命题人是在考查从句。此时，考生首先需要使用括号划出从句。划括号时要从空格前面开始（因为空格要填引导从句的连词）划出整个从句。具体办法是：如果空格在最前面，则括号划到第二处谓语动词前；如果空格在句中，则括号通常划到句末。然后考生可以根据划出的从句在整个句子中所处的位置和所作的成分判断是哪一种从句。那么，名词性从句在语篇中如何判断呢？下面分别举例说明（括号已经划出）。

【典例1】I truly believe （______ beauty comes from within）. （2015年北京卷）

解析：从句在谓语动词believe后，所以考查的是宾语从句。从句中不缺少任何成分，只陈述了一个事实，因此应用that引导。

【典例2】Reading her biography， I was lost in admiration for （______Doris Lessing had achieved in literature）. （2015年陕西卷）

解析：从句在介词for后，所以考查的是宾语从句。从句中谓语动词had achieved缺少宾语，所以应用what引导从句并在从句中作宾语。

【典例3】A ship in harbor is safe， but thats not （______ships are built for）. （2015年安徽卷）

解析：从句在系动词is后，所以考查的是表语从句。表语从句中的介词for后缺少宾语，故应用what引导，what与for连用，表示目的。

【典例4】The manager put forward a suggestion ______we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do. （2016年天津卷）

解析：从句在名词suggestion后，名词后考查的可能是定语从句，也可能是同位语从句。根据句意可知，后面的从句是对suggestion的解释说明，而不是修饰限制，故为同位语从句。而且从句成分和意思都是完整的，故用that引导。that不作成分，只起连接作用。

【典例5】（______we understand things） has a lot to do with what we feel. （2015年北京卷）

解析：从句在句首，且位于第二处谓语动词has前，所以考查的是主语从句。从句中主干齐全，根据句意可知，主语从句中缺少方式状语，因此填how。

二、名词性从句连接词的选用

利用加括号的办法判断出从句为名词性从句后，可以依据“从句中缺什么成分补什么成分”的原则选用连接词。

1. 使用连接代词。

当名词性从句中缺少主语、宾语或表语时，使用连接代词。常用的有what， who（m），whoever， which， whose等。what根据不同语境和所表示的意思可以灵活翻译成“……的（话 、东西、地方、时候、样子等）”；who具有疑问意义，意思是“谁”；whoever没有疑问意义，意思是“……的任何人”，相当于anybody who；which意思是“哪一个”；在句中作定语时用whose。

【典例1】If you swim in a river or lake， be sure to investigate ______ is below the water surface. Often there are rocks or branches hidden in the water.（2015年浙江卷）

解析：what。动词investigate后面接的是宾语从句。分析宾语从句的成分可以发现，空格处所作的成分是主语。名词性从句中缺少主语并且指物用what引导，此处意思是“……的东西”。

【典例2】How much one enjoys himself travelling depends largely on ______ he goes with， whether his friends or relatives.（2010年四川卷）

解析：who。介词on后面接宾语从句，从句中介词with后缺少宾语，应填连接代词。根据后面的“whether his friends or relatives”可知应该表示和谁去，故填who。

2. 使用连接副词。

当名词性从句中主干齐全，根据意思缺少状语时，使用连接副词。常用的有when， where， why和how，分别表示时间、地点、原因和方式。这些连接副词既起连接作用，本身又作从句的状语。

【典例1】We must find out ______ Karl is coming， so we can book a room for him.（2015年重慶卷）

解析：when。find out后面接宾语从句，从句中主干齐全，根据后面的“we can book a room for him”可知缺少时间状语，故填when。

【典例2】You have to know ______ youre going if you are to plan the best way of getting there.（2015年湖南卷）

解析：where。know后面接的是賓语从句，从句中主干齐全，根据后面句子的意思可知缺少地点状语，故填where。

【典例3】The exhibition tells us ______ we should do something to stop air pollution.（2015年四川卷）

解析：why。tell是接双宾语的动词，因此此处应填宾语从句的连接词。从句中主干齐全，根据意思可知缺少原因状语，故填why。

【典例4】—I wonder ______ Mary has kept her figure after all these years.（2015年福建卷）

—By working out every day.

解析：how。动词wonder后接宾语从句。从句中主干齐全，根据答语中表示方式的介词短语by的回答，可知填how。

3. 使用从属连词。

当名词性从句主干齐全，又不缺少状语时，使用从属连词引导。从属连词有that， whether和if。当从句中不缺少成分，陈述一件事实时，用that引导；当从句中不缺少成分，有“是否”的含义时，用whether或if引导。whether与if在引导动词后的宾语从句时，两者一般可以互换，但在下列情况下一般只能用whether，不用if：引导主语从句并在句首时；引导表语从句时；引导从句作介词宾语时；从句后有“or not”时；后接动词不定式时。因此，在引导名词性从句表示“是否”意思时，建议大家使用whether。

【典例1】It is often the case ______ anything is possible for those who hang on to hope. （2016年江苏卷）

解析：that。本句中it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面连接词引导的主语从句。根据句意可知，后面的句子陈述的是一个事实，不缺少任何成分，故用that引导。

【典例2】The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is ______ one can be entirely free from dust. （2016年北京卷）

解析：that。is后跟表语从句，表语从句中主干齐全，不缺少成分，陈述事实，因此用that引导。

【典例3】The little girl asked her father ______ she should go to the party or not.

解析：whether。ask后接双宾语，因此空格处引导宾语从句。从句中主干齐全，根据句意可知，本空有“是否”的含义，且后面有or not，故填whether，不能使用if。

三、巩固练习

（一）单句语法填空

1. As large numbers of Chinese flocked to Japan to pay thousands for toilet lids， it was a surprise to many people ______ the smart toilet lids on sale in Japan were actually made in China.

2. First-class players of football must have excellent ball control， but it is not just ______ they do with their feet that counts.

3. —Shall I go to the party if I dont have to dress up？

—Of course you can， actually， it doesnt matter ______ youre dressed.

4. ______well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.

5. I dont doubt ______ he has the ability to deal with the situation， but ______ the problem can be solved quickly depends on his attitude.

6. A new shopping centre will be built in ______ the old fish market used to be.

7. —Have you told your parents about your decision？

—Not yet. I can hardly imagine ______ they will react.

8. Dont forget ______ it was that helped you out when you were in trouble.

9. Although he has become wealthy， Mr Wood remains ______ he used to be， modest and friendly.

10. The Peony Pavilion， a play written by Tang Xianzu， is______ many people regard as the most romantic story in Chinese literature.

11. A recent study， while showing a generally positive attitude towards the new industry， also suggests a widespread concern ______ it may be “running out of control”.

12. ______ makes the book so extraordinary is the creative imagination of the writer. 13. Do not let any failures discourage you， for you can never tell ______ close you may be to victory.

14. Grandma pointed to the hospital and said， “Thats ________ I was born.”

15. “Every time you eat a sweet， drink green tea.” This is ________ my mother used to tell me.

16. The best moment for the football star was ________ he scored the winning goal.

17. The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief ________ you are better than anyone else on the sports field.

18. The how-to-book can be of help to ________ wants to do the job.

19. After six hours drive， they finally reached ______ they thought was the place they had been dreaming of.

20. It suddenly hit him ______ he had left his umbrella in the taxi on his way home.

21. —Was it ______ he said or all that he did ______ let you down， Joan？

—No， not really.

22. That art center is ______ used to be a factory， ______ millions of tractors were made.

23. My pen-friend， Peter， wrote to me， expressing the hope ______ he would come to Beijing to see the 2008 Olympic Games.

24. I still couldnt understand ______ the machine would work， so I asked him to explain it to me.

25. The police finally got to ______ was once an old temple ______ the villagers used as a school.

26. “You cant choose what life you will have，” said Tai Lihua， a deaf leading dancer， “but you can choose your attitude towards life.” And this is ______ I completely agree.

27. Actually， girls can be ______ they want to be just like boys， whether it is a pilot， an astronaut， or a general manager.

28. If you feel tired and sick of fatty foods， that is ______ you have to go to the hospital for a medical examination.

29. The award should be given to ______ makes great contributions to the film industry.

30. Jacob is always ready to offer a helping hand and thats ______ he has a good reputation.

31. —What impressed the interviewers most？

—______ he could speak three foreign languages so fluently.

32. His writing is so confusing that its difficult to make out _______ it is that he is trying to express.

33. I made a promise to myself _______ this year， my first year in high school， would be different.

34. The notice came around two in the afternoon _______ the meeting would be postponed.

35. As many as five courses are provided， and you are free to choose _______ suits you best.

36. The last time we had great fun was ______ we were visiting the Water Park.

37. It is pretty well understood _______ controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today.

38. —I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.

—Is that _______ you had a few days off？

（二）語篇语法填空

阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。

I am going to tell you an unbelievable thing 1 happened in my restaurant today.

This afternoon a poorly?dressed gentleman came into my restaurant. Nobody knew 2 he was. We wondered 3 he was so hungry. We were surprised that he finished two orders of food in a very limited time. We doubted

4 the man was able to pay the bill. The gentleman asked 5 we would mind waiting for just a few minutes. Then we were shocked to see 6 he took out of an envelope — a million pound banknote.

I asked Mr Clements 7 it was genuine. Mr Clements said it was true because two of this amount had been issued by the Bank of England this year. He thought 8 the gentleman showed us couldnt be a fake.

9 a gentleman with a million pound note was in rags and ate in our small restaurant was a big puzzle to all the people there. I really couldnt describe 10 excited I was.