2016版美国《成人和青少年HIV感染者机会性感染防治指南》中巨细胞病毒病的解读
2017-03-18赖曼张玉林田亚坤
赖曼++张玉林++田亚坤
[摘要] 巨细胞病毒(CMV)是一种常见的人类疱疹病毒,通常为无症状感染,但对于获得性免疫缺陷综合征患者CMV感染可引起明显器质性损害,尤其是CD4细胞计数极低者。CMV病的诊断困难,通常需要根据器官受累表现、机体免疫情况及特殊检查,如眼底及内镜检查等。本文将阐述人类免疫缺陷病毒患者相关的CMV病的流行病学、诊断、治疗等方面,希望给临床医师提供参考。
[关键词] 人类免疫缺陷病毒-1;巨细胞病毒;共感染
[中图分类号] R512.99 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2017)01(b)-0037-04
Understanding of cytomegalovirus disease in Guideline for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infection among HIV-infected Adults and Adolescents (2016 version, America)
LAI Man* ZHANG Yulin* TIAN Yakun HUA Wei WU Hao GUO Caiping▲
Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
[Abstract] Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous human herpes virus, which often present asymptomatic primary infection, but in persons with HIV, it can establish end-organ disease, typically those with low CD4 T lymphocyte cell counts. Whereas the diagnostic approach in case of a suspicion of CMV is difficult now, the indication for antiviral therapy can often only be made in the context of an extent of organ involvement, the immune status and the special examination, such as ophthalmologic examination, endoscopic examination. This article reviews the epidemiology, diagnosis, and therapy of CMV disease in HIV patients, hope to provide reference for clinicians.
[Key words] HIV-1; CMV disease; Coinfection
巨細胞病毒(Cytomegalovirus,CMV)是疱疹病毒家族的一种双链DNA病毒,遍布世界各地,人群普遍易感。CMV感染通常表现为隐性感染,若引发明显的病理改变,出现相应的临床症状,则称为巨细胞病毒病(CMV病)[1]。CMV病主要见于免疫缺陷患者如器官及骨髓移植、人免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)感染、肿瘤、妊娠及应用免疫抑制剂等人群,而本文主要根据2016版美国《成人和青少年HIV感染者机会性感染防治指南》[2]对HIV相关CMV病进行阐述。
1 流行病学
CMV感染多为既往感染后复燃,也可有新发感染。传播途径主要有先天性感染(宫内感染),获得性感染(围生期感染),乳汁传播,接触排毒者的唾液、尿、眼泪等,输血或器官移植,性交传播。HIV感染者/艾滋病患者(HIV/AIDS)的CMV感染症状与免疫状态严重相关,合并CMV感染器官损害的高危因素包括:CD4+T淋巴计数<50个/mm3,未进行抗逆转录病毒治疗(antiretroviral therapy,ART)或ART失败,曾患其他机会性感染,高CMV病毒血症,高HIV病毒载量(>106拷贝/mL)。
ART时代前,约有30%的艾滋病患者合并有CMV视网膜炎,是终末期AIDS患者失明的主要原因,ART的出现使其发病率明显降低,病情进展速度减慢,病死率明显下降。……
