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梗阻性黄疸患者胆汁与血液标本的病原菌分析

2017-02-22吴广利刘会娜屈冬冬蔡译苇

临床肝胆病杂志 2017年2期
关键词:梗阻性革兰黄疸

李 静,吴广利,王 伟,肖 欣,刘会娜,屈冬冬,蔡译苇

(滨州医学院附属医院 消化内科,山东 滨州 256603)

梗阻性黄疸患者胆汁与血液标本的病原菌分析

李 静,吴广利,王 伟,肖 欣,刘会娜,屈冬冬,蔡译苇

(滨州医学院附属医院 消化内科,山东 滨州 256603)

目的 观察梗阻性黄疸患者胆汁与血液标本的病原菌分布情况。方法 选取2012年1月-2016年4月滨州医学院附属医院消化内科、肝胆外科收治的梗阻性黄疸患者322例,取胆汁标本,其中84例患者同时行血培养,分析良、恶性梗阻及不同方法治疗对胆道感染患者胆汁病原菌检出率有无影响,比较胆汁及血液病原菌检出率有无差异。计数资料组间比较采用χ2检验。结果 322例梗阻性黄疸患者中检测出病原菌246例,检出率为76.40%;共检出病原菌267株,其中革兰阴性菌208株,革兰阳性菌48株,真菌11株。256例行经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)者检出病原菌199例,检出率77.73%;66例行外科手术者检出病原菌47例,检出率71.21%,2组患者病原菌检出率比较,差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.238,P=0.266)。288例良性梗阻性黄疸患者检出病原菌215例,检出率74.65%;34例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者检出病原菌31例,检出率91.18%,2组患者病原菌检出率比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.605,P=0.032)。良、恶性梗阻患者胆汁病原菌菌群分布比较,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.159,P=0.690)。胆汁标本与血标本病原菌种类相似,两者病原菌检出率比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=13.235,P<0.001)。结论 梗阻性黄疸患者行ERCP或外科手术的病原菌检出率无明显差异。对部分不适宜ERCP及手术治疗的患者,可根据血培养结果指导用药。

黄疸,阻塞性; 胰胆管造影术,内窥镜逆行; 革兰氏阴性菌; 革兰氏阳性菌

胆道梗阻是肝胆疾病的常见症状,合并梗阻性黄疸时,胆汁细菌的感染率明显上升,因此抗菌药物治疗是梗阻性黄疸合并感染的重要治疗措施之一。了解梗阻性黄疸患者病原菌分布及其对抗生素的敏感性对于抗菌药物的选择至关重要[1-3]。本研究调查分析了梗阻性黄疸患者胆汁标本与血液标本的病原菌分布情况,现报道如下。

1 资料与方法

1.1 研究对象 选取2012年1月-2016年4月本院消化内科、肝胆外科收治的梗阻性黄疸患者322例,其中男186例,女136例,年龄18~92岁,平均(66.52±14.16)岁。所有患者均有不同程度的上腹痛、发热及黄疸等临床表现,术前血清TBil水平均≥34.2 μmol/L,经影像学检查确诊为胆道梗阻。其中良性梗阻性黄疸288例:肝内外胆管结石215例,胆源性胰腺炎59例,胆管炎性狭窄9例,先天性胆总管扩张5例;恶性梗阻性黄疸34例:胆管癌28例(肝门部胆管癌2例,胆总管癌26例),胰腺癌4例,壶腹周围癌2例。其中256例行经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)治疗,66例行手术治疗。

1.2 胆汁及血液标本的采集 胆汁标本采集:严格遵守无菌操作,行ERCP患者,常规进境,当镜身到达十二指肠乳头部后,插管并经导丝确认进入胆道。在注入对比剂前,用20 ml无菌注射器抽取胆汁10 ml弃去,更换无菌注射器抽取5 ml胆汁,立即注入细菌培养专用无菌试管内,进行病原菌培养及药敏分析。行手术治疗患者,取平卧位,常规消毒铺巾,沿手术切口逐层进腹探查腹腔获取胆汁标本采集,后续步骤同前者。血液标本采集:当患者术前出现高热、寒战症状时抽取静脉血10 ml进行病原菌培养,322例患者中同时行血培养84例。

1.3 病原菌培养方法 将送检的胆汁及血液标本放置于双相血培养瓶中,37 ℃培养,待液相部分变浑浊或固相部分菌落生长时转接种于血平板与中国蓝琼脂平板上。细菌分离鉴定严格按照《全国临床检验操作规程》进行,分离所得的菌株用MiscroScan WalkAway 96全自动微生物菌种鉴定仪(西门子公司)鉴定。质控菌株为大肠埃希菌ATCC25922、金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC25923和铜绿假单胞菌ATCC27853。判定标准依据美国临床实验室国家标准化委员会的标准。

1.4 统计学方法 采用SPSS19.0统计软件进行分析。计数资料组间比较采用χ2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 胆汁病原菌总检出率 322例梗阻性黄疸患者中检测出病原菌246例,检出率为76.40%。共检出病原菌267株,其中革兰阴性菌208株,革兰阳性菌48株,真菌11株。排名前3位的病原菌为大肠埃希菌(142株,53.18%)、屎肠球菌(28株,10.49%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(27株,10.11%)。

2.2 不同治疗方法胆汁病原菌检出率 256例行ERCP者检出病原菌199例,检出率77.73%;66例行外科手术者检出病原菌47例,检出率71.21%。2组患者病原菌检出率比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.238,P=0.266)。

2.3 良、恶性梗阻患者胆汁病原菌检出率 288例良性梗阻性黄疸患者检出病原菌215例,检出率74.65%;34例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者检出病原菌31例,检出率91.18%。2组患者病原菌检出率比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.605,P=0.032)。

2.4 良、恶性梗阻患者胆汁病原菌菌群分布 215例良性梗阻性黄疸患者共检出病原菌234株,其中革兰阴性菌182株(占77.78%),革兰阳性菌43株(占18.38%),真菌9株。主要病原菌为大肠埃希菌(127株)、屎肠球菌(26株)、肺炎克雷伯菌(21株);31例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者共检出病原菌33株,其中革兰阴性菌26株(占78.79%),革兰阳性菌5株(占15.15%),真菌2株。主要病原菌为大肠埃希菌(15株)、肺炎克雷伯菌(6株)、屎肠球菌(2株)。2组患者病原菌分布差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.159,P=0.690)。

2.5 胆汁及血培养标本配对比较 84例患者同时行胆汁及血培养,其中胆汁培养检出病原菌63例,检出率为75.00%;共检出病原菌66株,其中大肠埃希菌56株,肺炎克雷伯菌5株和其他病原菌5株。血培养检出病原菌48例,检出率为57.14%;共检出病原菌48株,其中大肠埃希菌39株,肺炎克雷伯菌4株和其他病原菌5株。胆汁标本与血标本病原菌种类类似。同时行胆汁培养及血培养的标本进行配对比较,血培养病原菌检出率同胆汁培养相比,差异有统计学意义(χ2=13.235,P<0.001)(表1)。

表1 同时行血培养与胆汁培养病原菌检出结果(例)

3 讨论

胆管末端的Oddi括约肌可有效防止肠道细菌反流进入胆道,机体在生理状态下胆汁内是无菌的,但研究[4]发现当发生胆道梗阻尤其是合并梗阻性黄疸时,胆汁细菌感染率明显上升。既往研究[5]发现胆道细菌感染的主要致病菌为革兰阴性杆菌,这些细菌均为条件致病菌,当细菌通过壶腹部或胆肠吻合处后逆行进入胆管或经血液进入胆道时,在胆道中繁殖,导致胆道及全身感染。

本研究收集的322例胆汁标本中病原菌检出率为76.40%,与邹雪飞等[1]的研究结果相似(75.3%),但明显高于赵登秋等[3]报道的38.7%,可能与所患疾病、标本取材方式和培养手段等因素有关。本研究显示,胆汁病原菌培养以革兰阴性菌为主,与笔者既往相关研究结果相似,药敏试验示头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、阿米卡星对革兰阴性菌敏感性较高,可作为临床治疗的首选抗菌药物,亚胺培南、美罗培南作为备选抗菌药物在严重感染或其他抗菌药物无效的情况下考虑使用。左氧氟沙星、氨曲南在胆道感染者中耐药率高,临床上经验性应用抗菌药物时应避免选用[1]。

本研究发现,行ERCP与行外科手术患者病原菌检出率比较无明显差异。ERCP特点是微创和精准[6],其优点在于患者痛苦小、住院时间短、并发症少、恢复快[7-8]。尤其是高龄患者由于身体机能下降以及合并慢性疾病,手术风险高,很多高龄、高危患者丧失了外科手术机会,ERCP即成为此类患者的最佳治疗手段[9-11]。此外,恶性梗阻性黄疸患者病原菌检出率明显高于良性梗阻性黄疸患者(P<0.05),可能与恶性肿瘤患者院前病程相对较长及免疫力低下有关。恶性梗阻性黄疸患者发热、血象增高等感染征象可能不如急性胆系感染明显,因此临床上应重视该类患者胆系感染的处理。本研究中良、恶性梗阻患者病原菌分布无明显差异,均以革兰阴性菌为主,与既往孟庆龄等[12]认为恶性梗阻以肠球菌属感染占首位不同,表明胆道感染者的致病菌菌谱存在一定的迁移,可能与患者所处地区、发病时间、体质差异及用药情况有一定的相关性。

本研究中同时行胆汁及血培养的84例患者中,胆汁培养与血培养的病原菌种类相似,但病原菌阳性率差异显著(P<0.001),结果表明梗阻性黄疸患者的胆道细菌可移位至血中生长繁殖,从而导致病情加重。同时,血培养检出率明显低于胆汁培养检出率,可能与患者入院前应用抗生素有关。因此,虽然血培养检出率较低,但因其较胆汁培养取材更为方便,对患者创伤较小,可用于术前指导抗生素的使用。

综上所述,梗阻性黄疸患者行ERCP或外科手术的病原菌检出率无明显差异,临床可据患者的适应证及禁忌证选择解除梗阻的适宜方法。对部分不适宜ERCP及手术治疗的患者,可根据血培养结果指导用药,尤其应重视恶性梗阻性黄疸患者胆系感染的处理,梗阻性黄疸合并感染者宜选用以针对革兰阴性菌为主的抗菌药物。

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引证本文:LI J,WU GL,WANG W,et al.Analysis of pathogenic bacteria in bile and blood of patients with obstructive jaundice[J].J Clin Hepatol,2017,33(2):320-323.(in Chinese)

李静,吴广利,王伟,等.梗阻性黄疸患者胆汁与血液标本的病原菌分析[J].临床肝胆病杂志,2017,33(2):320-323.

(本文编辑:王 莹)

Analysis of pathogenic bacteria in bile and blood of patients with obstructive jaundice

LIJing,WUGuangli,WANGWei,etal.

(DepartmentofGastroenterology,TheAffiliatedHospitalofBinzhouMedicalUniversity,Binzhou,Shandong256603,China)

Objective To investigate the distribution of pathogenic bacteria in the bile and blood samples of patients with obstructive jaundice.Methods A total of 322 patients with obstructive jaundice who were admitted to Department of Gastroenterology and Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery in The Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University from January 2012 to April 2016 were enrolled.Bile samples were obtained from all patients and blood culture was performed for 84 patients.The influence of benign and malignant obstruction and therapies on the detection rate of pathogenic bacteria in bile was analyzed,and the detection rate of pathogenic bacteria in bile and blood was compared.The chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups.Results Pathogenic bacteria were detected in 246 patients (246/322),resulting in a detection rate of 76.40%.A total of 267 strains were detected,which consisted of 208 strains of Gram-negative bacteria,48 strains of Gram-positive bacteria,and 11 strains of fungi.Among the 256 patients who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP),199 were detected to have pathogenic bacteria,resulting in a detection rate of 77.73%; among the 66 patients who underwent surgery,47 were detected to have pathogenic bacteria,resulting in a detection rate of 71.21%.There was no significant difference in the detection rate of pathogenic bacteria between these two groups (χ2=1.238,P=0.266).Among the 288 patients with benign obstructive jaundice,215 were detected to have pathogenic bacteria,resulting in a detection rate of 74.65%; among the 34 patients with malignant obstructive jaundice,31 were detected to have pathogenic bacteria,resulting in a detection rate of 91.18%.There was a significant difference in the detection rate of pathogenic bacteria between these two groups (χ2=4.605,P=0.032),and there was a significant difference in the distribution of pathogenic bacteria in bile between these two groups (χ2=0.159,P=0.690).The types of pathogenic bacteria in bile samples were similar to those in blood samples,and there was a significant difference in the detection of pathogenic bacteria between them (χ2=13.235,P<0.001).Conclusion There is no significant difference in the detection rate of pathogenic bacteria determined by ERCP or surgery in patients with obstructive jaundice.For patients who cannot undergo ERCP or surgery,blood culture results can be used to guide clinical medication.

jaundice,obstructive; cholangiopancreatography,endoscopic retrograde; Gram-negative bacteria; Gram-positive bacteria

10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2017.02.025

2016-09-22;

2016-10-09。

李静(1990-),女,主要从事肝胆疾病的诊断及治疗方面的研究。

吴广利,电子信箱:guangli-wu@163.com。

R657.43

A

1001-5256(2017)02-0320-04

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