安徽省怀远一中　王玉峰

解读“情态动词+have done”结构

安徽省怀远一中王玉峰

请同学们先看下面教材里的典型句子，认真体会斜体部分的用法：

1.In the past，if someone like me had failed to get into university through the college exam，he would have had no chance of getting a degree.（北师大版教材模块五Unit15 Lesson1 P36）

2.I know that I wasn't a willing student and I shouldn't have been so difficult at school，but it was probably because I lacked confidence in myself.（北师大版教材模块五Unit15 Lesson3 P40）

3.It was a dilemma because the footballer could have demanded damages if we were wrong.（人教课标版教材模块五Unit4 P26）

从上述三个句子可以看出“情态动词+have done”结构既可以用来表示与过去事实相反的情况，也可以表示对已经发生的事情的推测、责怪、后悔、遗憾等。要注意每一个情态动词都含有相应的说话者的语气，所以我们既要了解每个情态动词的基本用法，又要体会说话者的语气。接下来我们逐个解析。

一、表示推测的“情态动词+have done”

（一）must have done

情态动词must+have done只用于肯定句中，表示对过去发生的事情或状态进行肯定的推测，意为“过去一定做过某事”。如：

It must have rained last night，for the road is all wet.

昨天晚上一定是下雨了，因为路还湿着。

【例】—Hurry up，Michael！It's ten to three.

—Goodness me！The class_______have begun.I'll be late again.

【答案与解析】must。从Goodness me！“天哪”的惊呼可以看出对开始上课的肯定推测，推测上课的动作必定已经发生。句意是：肯定开始上课了。

（二）can't/couldn't have done

表示对过去发生的事情或状态的否定的推测，用can't have done/couldn't have done，意为“过去不可能做过，肯定没做过”，与must have done正好相反。can/could表示推测也可以用在疑问句中。如：

I can't remember when we went to Beijing but could it have been sometime last autumn？

我不记得我们什么时候去过北京，会不会是去年秋天的某个时候？

【例】—Where can Margaret have put the empty bottles？

—She can't_______（throw）them away.They must be somewhere.

【答案与解析】have thrown。根据问句的can have put看出是对过去的事实进行推测，所以答句的否定句是can't have done结构。

（三）may/might+have done

情态动词may/might+have done表示对已发生的动作或存在的状态进行不确定的推测，might语气稍弱一点儿，只能用于肯定句和否定句中，表示“过去可能做过某事或过去可能没做过某事”。……