北极航道现状与发展趋势及对策
2016-10-12孙鲁闽
孙鲁闽
(交通运输部救助打捞局,北京 100726)
北极航道现状与发展趋势及对策
孙鲁闽
(交通运输部救助打捞局,北京 100726)
相比其他航道,北极航道的行程更短,北极航道的通航具有很高的经济性和商业价值。充分调研北极航道的现状,对当前通航北极的商船类型、路线及沿途的冰区环境进行详细分析,并从北极油气资源开采规划上预测未来商船类型和航线的发展趋势。鉴于我国商船在北极航道面临的风险,提出有效地应对措施,并剖析了我国发展极地救助船的必要性。
北极航道;海冰;极地救助船;通航
Abstract:The present status of the arctic passage is investigated sufficiently,and the type,route of commercial vessels and corresponding environment along the arctic passage are analyzed deeply.Moreover,the development tendency is also predicted based on the exploitation layout of oil and gas resources.In view of the risk of China’s merchant vessels shipping in the arctic passage,effective countermeasures are put forward.Necessity of developing polar salvage vessels for China is also dissected finally.The results will provide an important reference for design of polar salvage vessels in future.
Keywords:arctic passage; ice; polar salvage vessel; navigation
随着北极海冰范围持续缩小,北极航道的通航条件不断改善,航道的商业化通航在夏季已经成为现实。相比其他航道,北极航道的行程更短,燃油消耗和废气排放更少,盈利更多,通航带来的丰厚利益使北极地区的离岸活动和商业运输日趋频繁。
北极航道更长的无冰期将为世界运输系统带来新的前景。未来至少4种海运形式将从中受益[1]:
1)国际航运。利用北极航道,东亚、欧洲、北美之间的航程将大大缩短。比如散货船经苏伊士运河从鹿特丹到横滨港的海上距离为20 742.40 km,若经东北航道,其航程仅为12 038 km,整整缩短了40%;同样,若从西雅图出发,经西北航道到鹿特丹的距离,比经过巴拿马运河缩短了25%[2]。考虑运河、燃料等费用,单次行程将节省近百万美元的运输成本。对目前无法穿过巴拿马或苏伊士运河,改道经由非洲好望角的大型船舶,若经北极航道将节省更可观的成本[3]。……
