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西伯利亚雅库特地区岩石圈地幔特征

2016-08-23孙晶谢庆宾

地球科学与环境学报 2016年4期

孙晶 谢庆宾

摘 要:西伯利亚克拉通是世界上典型的稳定克拉通之一。雅库特地区位于西伯利亚克拉通东北部,有大量的金伯利岩产出,也是世界上金刚石的重要产出地之一。前人研究表明该地区仅在年龄为360 Ma的金伯利岩中有金刚石的产出,而在年龄为160 Ma的金伯利岩中没有金刚石的产出,暗示着雅库特地区岩石圈地幔的性质在160~360 Ma之间可能发生了变化。总结并对比了雅库特地区不同时代喷发的金伯利岩中橄榄岩包体的岩石学、矿物学、地球化学及年代学特征,确定了该地区360 Ma与160 Ma的岩石圈地幔在时代与厚度上有很大的不同。这一不同可能与西伯利亚克拉通1.9 Ga碰撞拼合事件有关,而与西南部约250 Ma的超级地幔柱事件无关。

关键词:克拉通;岩石圈地幔;橄榄岩;Re-Os同位素;地幔交代作用;减薄;雅库特地区;西伯利亚

中图分类号:P31;P58 文献标志码:A

Abstract: Siberian craton is one of the stable craton in the world. Yakutia area, which locates in the northeast of Siberian craton, has a large number of kimberlite outcrops and is also one of the important place of diamond deposit. Previous studies displaced that diamond only occurred in the kimberlite erupted in 360 Ma, but the kimberlites erupted in 160 Ma had no diamond occurrence, indicating the character change of sub-continental lithospheric mantle beneath Yakutia area from 360 Ma to 160 Ma. The petrology, mineralogy, geochemistry and chronology characters of xenoliths from the kimberlite erupted in different episodes of Yakutia area were summarized and compared. The sub-continental lithospheric mantle underneath Yakutia area is varied from 360 Ma to 160 Ma on ages and thickness. This difference may be associated with the Siberian collisional amalgamation event in 1.9 Ga, rather than the super mantle plume around 250 Ma in the southwest.

Key words: craton; sub-continental lithospheric mantle; peridotite; Re-Os isotope; mantle metasomatism; thinning; Yakutia area; Siberia

0 引 言

克拉通是地球表面相对稳定的构造单元,由上部古老的大陆地壳和下部的岩石圈地幔组成。根据壳幔分异作用理论,地球在演化早期主要表现为核幔的形成,继而地幔发生较大规模部分熔融造成壳幔分异。除氧和硅以外,地幔主要由铁和镁组成,在部分熔融过程中,铁具有相对于镁较低的熔融温度而优先熔出形成玄武岩浆,剩下富镁的残留。由于镁的密度相对于铁较小,因而此残留漂浮在早期形成的地壳之下,构成岩石圈地幔。在岩石圈地幔中,部分熔融程度较高的且壳幔分异程度较大的残留所形成的岩石圈地幔密度越小。……

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