尹雪　穆立蔷　李中跃　韩明浩

(东北林业大学，哈尔滨，150040)



3种鸟类对东北红豆杉的取食方式及传播1)

尹雪穆立蔷李中跃韩明浩

(东北林业大学，哈尔滨，150040)

2014年秋季在黑龙江省穆棱镇东北红豆杉自然保护区内调查取食东北红豆杉(Taxuscuspidata)的鸟类及其取食方式。结果表明：鸟类活动与坡向、坡位有关，与海拔、冠幅无关，在阳坡和阴坡上部活动频繁；取食鸟类有3种，灰背鸫(Turdushortulorum)和白腹鸫(T.pallidus)取食方式为整颗吞下假种皮和种子，消化假种皮后，种子完好随粪便排出从而得以传播；普通(Sittaeuropaea)取食方式是啄食种子，种子被破坏，不利于种子的传播。未经取食的东北红豆杉自然掉落在树冠下，假种皮腐烂或被昆虫取食，种子在母树下正常萌发，但存活率很低。东北红豆杉为鸟类提供食物，鸟类帮助其传播种子，二者之间形成了一种互利关系。

东北红豆杉；灰背鸫；白腹鸫；普通；穆棱

In Autumn 2014, we observed three kinds of birds eatingTaxuscuspidateand their foraging patterns in the Heilongjiang Province Muling Nature Reserve. The bird activity has relations with the aspect and slope position, but is irrelevant to elevation and the crown. Birds are moving frequently in sunny slope and shady slope upper part. We observed three kinds of birds which ate seeds of natural yew populations. Among three kinds of birds, gray back Thrush (Turdushortulorum) and pale thrush (Turduspallidus) ate both arils and seeds. They spread the seeds with excrements. The other one, general Sitta (Sittaeuropaea) ate and damaged the seeds, and they cannot spread the seeds. The falling fruits around the mother trees were eaten by insect and rotting. The seeds grow up as usual around the mother trees. But, the germination rate was very low. Taxus cuspidate provides food to birds, and the birds disperse its seeds. Therefore, mutually beneficial relationship between them was formed.

植物为了获得更多的生存机会，将种子用不同的方式实现散布，如通过动物、风、水和自我扩散[1]。其中，鸟类扩散是种子进行传播的主要方式[2]。鸟类扩散具有避免捕食者在母树下过度取食种子[3-4]、避免生长过程中幼苗与母树间的激烈竞争，使种子可以占据新的生境[5-7]、加强基因流动[8-9]等多种潜在作用。

红豆杉属(Taxus)植物种子外部包被一层肉质假种皮且不易脱落，在种子成熟后，假种皮呈红色且味道甘甜，常常吸引鸟类捕食[10-11]。研究表明，欧洲红豆杉(T.bacatta)种子主要依靠乌鸫(Turdusmerula)、环颈鸫(T.torquatus)和槲鸫(T.viscivorus)及画眉(Garrulaxcanorus)等鸟类捕食及传播[12-13]。……