黄兴 吴昊 汤一铸 蔡晓敏

摘要：通过比较高温高湿环境中不同预冷方式对于赛艇运动员运动能力的影响，为有效提高运动员在高温与高湿环境中进行训练和比赛时的运动能力提供一定的实践基础和理论依据。方法：以8名赛艇运动员为研究对象，以2014年7-8月的湖北国际水上训练基地作为自然高温高湿环境，按照对照组→冰背心组→口服冰浆组→联合预冷组的顺序，进行4次测试，每次测试的时间间隔为1周，形成自身对照。预冷后即刻测定核心体温、心率、血氧饱和度、血流灌注指数等生理指标，然后立即进行20 min的赛艇测功仪测试，运动后即刻测定同样的生理指标。结果：1）采用口服冰浆+冰背心联合预冷组的测试成绩与对照组比较，差异具有显著性（P<0.05）。2）口服冰浆组预冷前后身体的核心温度比较，差异具有非常显著性（P<0.01）；联合预冷组预冷前后身体的核心温度比较，差异具有非常显著性（P<0.01）。3）联合预冷组预冷前后心率比较，差异具有非常显著性（P<0.05）；对照组、冰背心组、口服冰浆组预冷前后心率比较，未见显著性差异。4）采用口服冰浆+冰背心联合预冷组预冷前后体表温度比较，差异具有显著性（P<0.05）；冰背心、口服冰浆预冷、对照组预冷前后比较，未见显著性差异。 结论：1）在高温与高湿环境中，口服冰浆+冰背心联合预冷可有效提高赛艇运动员20 min测功仪测试成绩，为高温高湿环境中赛艇运动员有效发挥竞技水平提供一定的实践和理论依据；2）联合预冷可有效降低核心体温、体表温度、心率和血流灌注指数；3）预冷对于运动员的血氧饱和度和血红蛋白没有显著影响。

关键词： 高温高湿；预冷；赛艇；冰背心；口服冰浆；赛艇运动员；机能状态；运动能力；体温；血流灌注

中图分类号： G 808.1 文章编号：1009783X（2016）03024605 文献标志码： A

Abstract：This study is to explore the impact of three precooling methods under high temperature and high humidity environment on rowers performance，and to provide certain theoretical and practice basis to athletes and coaches in the actual games.Methods：8 rowing athletes in Hubei Rowing Team were selected to carry on the serial number，and each athlete was to complete the control group，oral ice slurry group，ice vest group，and oral ice slurry + ice vest combined precooling interventions，interval time of each precooling interventions for 7 days.The experimental process of athletes includes measuring the basic value，then precooling intervention，and then testing athletes carrying 20min rowing power test.The core temperature was measured with ear temperature instrument；hemoglobin，blood flow perfusion index，heart rate are measured by Masimo Radical-7；surface temperature was measured by infrared imaging instrument.Results：1） Compared with the control group，the groups which underwent oral ice slurry precooling，ice vest precooling and combining precooling method performed significantly better（P<0.05） in 20min rowing power test.2） Before and after the body's core temperature of the precooling oral ice slurry and joint precooling group had a very significant difference（P<0.01）；The control group and ice vest group had no significant difference before and after the precooling.3） The heart rate of oral ice slurry group and joint precooling group before and after the precooling had a very significant difference（P<0.01）；before and after the heart rate of the precooling the ice vest precooling group had no significant difference；4） The skin surface temperature in the control group，ice vest group and oral ice slurry group had no significant difference before and after the precooling，but the skin surface temperature of joint precooling group before and after the precooling had significant difference（P<0.05）.5） Before and after the precooling the blood perfusion index of oral ice slurry group and ice vest precooling group had no significant difference，but the blood perfusion index of joint precooling group had significant difference（P<0.05）.Conclusion：1） Under the condition of high temperature and high humidity three precooling measures all made the athletes rowing sport ability improved，but the combination of oral ice slurry + ice vest precooling method was much better；2） The precooling mechanism is characterized the core of lower body temperature，heart rate，blood flow perfusion index，increase body heat reserve capacity.3） Precooling has no significant impact on oxygen content and Hb of the athletes.

Keywords：high temperature and high humidity environment；precooling；rowing；ice vest；oral ice slurry；rower；；functional status；athletic ability；body temperature；blood perfusion

根据环境温度与人体热平衡之间的关系，通常把35 ℃以上的生活环境和32 ℃以上的训练环境视为高温环境，相对湿度在60%以上的环境称为高湿环境[1]。高温是人们经常遇到的应激源之一，高温应激时人体神经、内分泌、免疫等系统会出现一系列的病理、生理改变，导致机体疲劳，生活、工作、运动能力下降，严重时影响健康，甚至危及生命。许多赛事的举办在高温、高湿环境下进行，这样的环境导致人体机能表现为：运动提前终止、疲劳、运动能力降低、热储备量低、核心温度升高、代谢紊乱等生理反应[25]。……