陈志均

阅读部分要求能理解文章的基本内容；能归纳文章的主旨大意；能推测文章中的隐含意思；能根据上下文正确理解词语和句子；能运用阅读技能完成不同文体的阅读任务。可见阅读题远非停留在理解词句和看懂内容上。为了增加阅读理解题的区分度，考查综合理解能力，拉开差距，近年高考阅读题中概括主旨题和推断题明显增加。

主旨大意题题目类型：1. 概括文章大意；2. 选出最佳题目（标题）；3. 概括人物特点；4. 识辨作者语气、态度等；5. 推断文章出处；6. 推断文章或作者意图；7. 推断文章的结局或结论、下文内容等。

解答主旨大意题要先看问题， 是否有和主旨大意题有关的题目，了解题目类别和提问方式。再看文章首尾，或各段的开头，找出主题句，或通过浏览全文，抓住关键字眼，把握文章主旨。以掌握文章主旨为前提，处理推断作者语气或意图等其它深层理解的问题。

主旨大意题常见提问方式：

The passage mainly focuses on _________.

The purpose of this article is to _________.

In writing the passage， the author intends to ________.

Both the doctor and the lawyer in this passage are very ________.

It can be concluded that the passage is most probably part of a （an） __________.

What would most probably happen next？

What might be the best title for this passage？

What will the author probably discuss after the last paragraph？

Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of the passage？

[主题句在开头或结尾]

①It was assumed generally that behavior was “caused” and that the causes of and the cures for crime would be discovered. Sick societies and sick individuals were the causes of crime. The traditional criminal justice system could be described as a band-aid and an ineffective “home remedy”. The new， scientific approach， however， would cure the underlying causes of crime rather than concentrate on the symptom： criminal behavior.

②But does poverty cause crime？（Q1） It is certainly true that there is a very close link between low socioeconomic status and the sort of violent street crime that worries urban America so much. Furthermore， we must agree with Judge Bazelon that persons of low socioeconomic status probably find it easier than others to true to violent street crime for money， excitement， or release. Yet it is also true that the majority of poor people are not violent criminals. Judge Bazelon is simply wrong in his belief that poverty “causes” crime. （Q2）

③People sometimes think of crime as a combination of poverty and bad characteristics of a criminal. （Q1） But this is hard to predict， and sometimes we observe some criminals are rich enough but they may still have the desire for more wealth. In this aspect， crime seems no more related with poverty than with the behavioral features of the person involved in a case. Cyber-crimes and white-collar crimes can serve as good examples， the criminals are not short of money， they simply need more than they can gather and they will be happy to get more without having to work.

④Poverty is neither a sufficient nor a necessary cause of crime. （Q1）（Q2） Poverty may make the choice to obey the law more difficult， but the poor have choice whether to engage in crime， and the majority choose to obey the law. Is it true that no poverty， no crime？ Improvement in the economic conditions of poor persons does not reduce the level of violent panics in periods of rising wealth. The “poverty cure” does not work. Attempting to get rid of poverty is a worthy social goal， but it is one that should be cherished （珍爱） for its own sake and not in the belief that it will cure crime.

1. The most appropriate title for the essay would be .

A. Economics and Crime

B. Wealth and Violence

C. Causes and Cures for Crime

D. Poverty and Crime

2. Which of the following statements is a summary of the authors ideas？ .

A. Crime is a consequence of a low economic status.

B. Poverty should be cured before law and order can be kept.

C. Poverty does not necessarily cause crime.

D. Poor people are more likely to turn to violence.

解析 本文为议论文。选定篇名题考查的是对文章主旨的把握。我们先看文章首尾或各段开头找主题句。

第一段（起始段）：落后的社会和个人会导致犯罪。消除犯罪的科学方法在于彻底消除引起犯罪的根源。

第二段：开头提出问题Does Poverty cause crime？并指出：落后的经济状况与犯罪之间有密切联系。

第三段：人们认为犯罪是贫困和个人不良品行的结合。

第四段（结尾段）：贫困并非犯罪的充分或必要条件。穷人中大多数人还是守法的。消灭贫穷并不意味着消除犯罪。……