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中考英语完形填空解题指导

2016-04-13周慧娅

试题与研究·中考英语 2015年3期
关键词:空姐辨析副词

周慧娅

一、命题特点

1.选文特点

(l)以叙述文体的小故事为主;

(2)篇幅一般在250词左右;

(3)难度略低于阅读理解中的短文;

(4)所选短文语言地道、纯正,结构严谨,层次分明,逻辑性强。

2.设空特点

(l)首句通常不设空,以便使学生清楚地了解短文的故事背景,从而尽快熟悉语境,推测文章大意。

(2)短文设空密度为每隔10至20词设一个空。

3.选项特点

(l)每个小题所给的4个选项一般都属于同一词类,语义范畴相同。4个词长短相宜,避免了对答案的明显暗示,彼此之间也不会出现意义或用法重叠的情况。偶尔有个别小题的4个选项的词类不同,但其语法功能大都一样。

(2)单从语法角度,甚至从某一句的角度来看,干扰项都可以和空格前后的文字构成某种固定搭配,从而起到一定的干扰或迷惑作用。

(3)选项使用词汇没有重复,尽可能增加考查内容的覆盖面。

4.考查特点

近几年的完形填空题主要考查学生对上下文的理解,要求学生通过语境进行选择。“语境能力型”试题具有一定难度,因为所给的4个选项往往在语法方面都能成立,极具干扰性和迷惑性。

5.短文暗示特点

完形填空的短文有时因为行文的需要,出现了对学生来说比较难理解的背景,或者有时候命题者为了有意识地控制完形填空的难度,往往会在短文的适当之处安排暗示。但这种暗示多为“后面暗示前面”,也就是说前面的某些空格,或因线索不清,或因语境不明,学生无法填出,但只要继续往后看,就会发现此空内容在后面的某个地方有暗示。

二、解题步骤

1.通读全文,了解大意

通读全文时,跳过空格快速阅读,弄清文章的基本含义。通过快速阅读全文,我们可以对文章的整体结构和中心思想有个基本的了解。这有利于进一步把握全文所讲内容、篇章结构、时态和语态的变化,为后面的答题创造条件。

2.重视首句的开篇启示作用

完形填空所采用的短文一般没有标题,但短文的首句通常用以点明文章的体裁,例如叙事、议论等,这是我们探索文章全貌的“窗口”。可以以首句的时态、语态为立足点进行思考,判断文章的体裁,推测全文的大意及主题思想。

3.抓住关键词,根据上下文解题

解题时,要遵循忠于全文大意和主题思想这一原则,联系上下文展开逻辑推理分析,要迅速找出那些在短文中起重要作用的关键词,了解所提问题的特定语境以及语篇中的内在逻辑关系。

在解题过程中,应遵循“先易后难”的原则,遇到个别难题不易判断时,可先跳过去,去解决那些靠上下文能确定的、比较直接明确的问题,随着下文内容的展开和深入,或许对于前面难以判断的题,下文就有暗示,甚至有明确的提示。因此,在选择答案时,应特别注意联系前后句,充分利用上下文为确定答案而提供的有效信息。

4.重读全文,验证答案

在补全空格以后,一定要根据填好的答案重读全文,看文章是否流畅,前后逻辑是否矛盾,语法结构是否无误。如果发现哪些地方读起来不流畅,就说明哪里有毛病,就要进行仔细推敲、订正。

三、实例解析

1.(2015年广州卷试题节选)阅读下面短文,按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求,从26-35各题所给的A、B、C和D项中选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

Once,a king loved music so much that he searched the world for the best instrument.One day,a magic man26the king a harp(竖琴).

The king took it to the palace,but27he played it,the harp sounded terrible.Many28people tried it.They agreed that the harp was29and the king had been fooled.The harp was thrown out as rubbish.

A poor little girl30found the harp,and even though she didn't know how31,she de-cided to have a try.She played and played,the whole day through,for months and years.The music she produced was never perfect,32each time it sounded a little better.

Then one day,suddenly,the harp started to play the most beautiful music.It was in fact33magic harp,and could only be played well bv someone who would put in the necessary effort.

The king heard the music from his window,and called the girl to the palace.When the king saw that she was playing his old harp,he was filled34joy.At that moment he made the girl his own private35,giving her and her family many riches.

26.A.offer

B.offers

C.offered

D.has offered

27.A.when

B.before

C.if

D.because

28.A.another

B.other

C.others

D.the other

29.A.used

B.using

C.useless

D.uselessness

30.A.late

B.lately

C.latest

D.later

31.A.played

B.to play

C.playing

D.to playing

32.A.so

B.and

C.or

D.but

33.A.a

B.an

C.the

D./

34.A.in

B.of

C.by

D.with

35.A.music

B.musical

C.musician

D.musically

【主旨大意】

本文是记叙文。文中讲述了一把魔琴经过很多人演奏都发出可怕的声音,在被当作垃圾扔掉后,被一个贫穷的小女孩捡到。小女孩日复一日地练习,终于弹奏出美妙韵音乐,并被国王聘为乐师。

【答案与解析】

26.C。考查时态。根据第一句及本句中的One day可知,本句应用一般过去时。故选C。

27.A。考查状语从句中的从属连词。理解前后句意:但是当他弹奏的时候,那把竖琴发出的声音听起来非常可怕。故选when。

28.B。考查不定代词。another表示“(三者及以上中的)另一个”;other表示“其他的”,做定语修饰名词;others表示“其他的”,其后不可接名词;the other表示“(两者中的)另一个”。句意为:很多(其他的)人尝试过。由此可知选other做定语,修饰名词people。故选B。

29.C。考查同根词辨析。根据下文中的“…the king had been fooled.The harp was thrown out as rubbish.”可知,国王被戏弄了,竖琴被当作垃圾丢掉了。由此得知,人们认为那把竖琴是“没有用的”,排除A、B两项;be动词后接形容词useless做表语,故选C。

30.D。考查近义词辨析。late“迟的、晚的”;lately“最近”,副词;latest“最新的”;later“稍后、后来”,副词。分析句子结构可知,本题应填一个副词做状语,首先排除A、C两项;结合句意“这个贫穷的小女孩后来发现了那把竖琴”可知,选D。

31.B。考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,这里是“特殊疑问词+to do”结构做谓语动词know的宾语,故选B。

32.D。考查并列连词。句意为:她每次弹奏的音乐都不完美,但每次听起来都比以前好一点。由此可知,前后句意构成“转折”关系,故选D。

33.A。考查冠词用法。句意为:实际上它是一把有魔力的竖琴。由此可知,这里泛指“一把魔琴”,故排除C、D两项;又因magic是以辅音因素开头的单词,其前应用a。故选A。

34.D。考查介词搭配。be filled with表示“充满……”,为固定搭配。故选D。

35.C。考查同根词辨析。muslc“音乐”,名词;musical“音乐的”,形容词;muslclan“音乐家”,名词;musically“悦耳地、动听地”,副词。分析句子结构可知,本空应填一个名词,并被形容词private修饰。故选C。句意为:他让小女孩成为他的私人音乐师。

2.(2015年杭州卷试题节选)阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,然后在所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中选出一个最佳选项。

Marcos was a hardworking farmer.Every day he asked his only son Paolo to26him in the fields,but Paolo seldom got out of bed before noon.Marcos was very27about his only son.

One evening Marcos's old friend Luigi28."Marcos,why aren't your fields ready for plant-ing?"Marcos explained that he was old and his back hurt.He said that Paolo was29and did not help him with the farming."Marcos,you need to use your30as much as your back.I have an idea for you."Luigi said.

Early the next morning Marcos rushed into Paolo's bedroom."I found your grandfather's map!"he cried."We may find31he buried(埋)his gold coins!"Paolo jumped out of bed."I'll start over here."Paolo told his father.Paolo32to the field all day.Wliile Paolo dug,his fa-ther33along,dropping something from his bag into the ground.When they went in for dinner that night,a very tired Paolo said,"I think Grand-father was old when he made his map.I don't think I'll dig tomorrow."

Paolo34to his lazy way and slept all morning.One day Marcos rushed into Paolo's room and cried."Paolol I found the treasure in the fields!"Paolo35went out to look.He said."There is36here but lines and lines of vegetables."

Marcos smiled."Paolo,it is all around you.You have enough food to make it37the win-ter,with plenty more to sell!"Paolo was embar-rassed(尴尬的)to see that his father was38His one day of hard work had provided with real treasure.He leamed an important39.He could make a good living with a little hard work.He be-came a good40and made his father proud.

26.A.feed

B.help

C.save

D.watch

27.A.sad

B.happy

C.proud

D.bored

28.A.stood up

B.moved in

C.started out

D.stopped by

29.A.busy

B.excited

C.lazy

D.free

30.A.hands

B.feet

C.brain

D.face

31.A.how

B.where

C.when

D.why

32.A.dug

B.planted

C.played

D.arrived

33.A.got

B.ate

C.sang

D.followed

34.A.listened

B.returned

C.talked

D.led

35.A.quietly

B.suddenly

C.sleepily

D.easily

36.A.everything

B.something

C.anything

D.nothing

37.A.through

B.without

C.since

D.before

38.A.sure

B.right

C.rich

D.kind

39.A.plan

B.meeting

C.lesson

D.opinion

40.A.student

B.actor

C.friend

D.farmer

【主旨大意】

本文是一篇记叙文。文中叙述了农民Marcos一直为他懒惰的儿子Paolo发愁,在老朋友Luigi的提醒下,他用巧妙的办法改变了懒惰的儿子,并使之成为一个让他感到骄傲的好农民。

【答案与解析】

26.B。考查动词辨析。feed“饲养”;help“帮助”;save“节省、救”;watch“观看”。句意为:每天他要儿子Paolo到田地里帮他干活,但Paolo很少在中午之前起床。由句意可知四个选项中B项最合适。

27.A。考查形容词辨析。sad“忧愁的”;happy“快乐的”;proud“自豪的”;bored“无聊的”。根据前一句“但Paolo很少在中午之前起床”可知,Marcos对儿子很发愁。故选A。

28.D。考查动词短语辨析。stand up“站起来”;move in“迁入”;start out“出发”;stop by“访问、拜访”。句意为:一天晚上Marcos的老朋友Luigi到访。故选D。

29.C。考查形容词辨析。busy“繁忙的”;ex-cited“激动的”;lazy“懒惰的”;free“空闲的”。根据后半句意思和上文“Paolo很少在中午之前起床”可知,Paolo生性懒惰,故选C。

30.C。考查名词辨析。hands“手”;feet“脚”;brain“脑”;face“脸”。根据后一句“我给你出一个主意”和下文Marcos的做法可知,这里要用brain(大脑”),故选C。

31.B。考查宾语从句的引导词。how“怎样”;where“哪里”;when“什么时候”;why“为什么”。句意为:我们可以找到他把金币埋在了什么地方。把四个选项分别代入句子,可知B项最为合适。

32.A。考查动词辨析。dig“挖”;plant“种植”;play“玩”;arrlve“到达”。根据后面一句“While Paolo dug…”提示可知,Paolo在地里挖了一整天,故选A。

33.D。考查动词辨析。句意为:当Paolo挖地时,他父亲跟在后面,从包里拿出一些东西撒到地里。把四个选项分别代人句子,比较意义后可知,D项最为合适。

34.B。考查动词辨析。根据后面一句“睡了整整一个上午”可知,Paolo又变懒了。故选B。

35.C。考查副词辨析。quietly“安静地”;suddenly“突然地”;sleepily“懒散地、瞌睡地”;easily“容易地”。结合上下文可以推出本句意为“Paolo懒散地走出去看看”。故选C。

36.D。考查不定代词的用法。本句为“There is nothing…but…”句型结构。句意为:这里除了一垄垄的蔬菜,其他什么都没有。故选D。

37.A。考查介词辨析。through“穿过”;without“没有”;since“自从”;before“以前”。句意为:只有卖出去更多的(蔬菜),你才会有足够的食物过冬。通过句意分析可以看出,只有A项符合句意。

38.B。考查形容词辨析。sure“肯定的”;right“正确的”;rich“富裕的”;kind“仁慈的”。根据后面一句“他一天的辛苦工作带来了真正的宝藏”可知,父亲的做法是对的。故选B。

39.C。考查名词辨析。plan“计划”;meeting“会议”;lesson“教训、课程”;opinion“看法”。本文指Paolo得到了教训。其他三个选项意义不符。故选C。

40.D。考查名词辨析。句意为:他成为一个让他父亲感到骄傲的好农民。所以选D。

3.(2015年安徽卷试题节选)阅读下列短文,从每小题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中选出一个最佳选项。

A

Sitienei,a 90-year-old Kenyan grandmother,has become the world's oldest primary school stu-dent.She is studying at the local primary school to learn to read and write.She is from a small46in Kenyan.She has spent most of her life47as a midwife(接生婆),helping women to give birth to babies. She wants to pass on her mid-wife skills to the young.She said she didn't have a chance to go to school when she was48.So she wants all the children in her village to49.

The head teacher at the school said,"I'm proud50her.She is loved by every pupil.They all want to learn and play with51.”He also said,“She is doing well considering her52.I can say I have seen a big difference in this school53she came."

Sitienei often said,“I want to tell children,54girls in poor areas,that55will be your wealth."She added,"With education,you can be whatever you want to be-a doctor,a teacher,a scientist and so on."

46.A.school

B.village

C.town

D.city

47.A.reading

B.writing

C.playing

D.working

48.A.young

B.old

C.famous

D.free

49.A.study

B.work

C.leave

D.listen

50.A.for

B.with

C.of

D.in

51.A.her

B.me

C.him

D.you

52.A.chance

B.age

C.skills

D.ways

53.A.after

B.when

C.since

D.before

54.A.naturally

B.especially

C.luckily

D.certainly

55.A.friendship

B.future

C.competition

D.education

【主旨大意】

本文是一篇记叙文。文章描述了一位90岁的老人上小学学习的故事。文章告诉我们,学无止境,活到老,学到老,只要你接受教育,你就能成为你想成为的任何人。

【答案与解析】

46.B。考查名词辨析。school“学校”;village“农村”;town“城镇”;city“城市”。根据下文in her village可推知,Sitienei来自Kenyan的一个村庄。故选B。

47.D。考查动词辨析。reading“读书”;writ-ing“写”;playing“玩耍”;working“工作”。根据句中as a midwife推知,她一生中的大部分时间都做着接生婆的工作。故选D。

48.A。考查形容词辨析。young“年轻”;old“年老的”;famous“有名的”;free“空闲的”。根据文章第一句“Sitienei,a 90-year-oldKenyan grandmother,has become the world's old-est primary school student.”推知,当她年轻时没有机会去上学。故选A。

49.A。考查动词辨析。由上文“她小时候没机会上学”推知,她想让村庄里的所有孩子都能学习。故选A。

50.C。考查介词搭配。分析句子结构可知,本句中含有词组be proud of,意为“感到自豪或骄傲”。故选C。

51.A。考查代词辨析。根据上句“我为她感到骄傲,她被每一个学生喜欢”可知,这里指代的是Sitienei。句意为:他们都想和她一起学习,一起玩耍。故选A。

52.B。考查名词辨析。chance“机会”;age“年龄”;skills“技术”;ways“方法”。由上文“一位90岁的老奶奶与小学生一起学习,一起玩耍”及下文“在学校产生很大的影响”可知,鉴于她的年龄,她在学校做得很好。故选B。

53.C。考查连词辨析。after“在……之后”;when“当……时候”;slnce“自从……”;before“在……之前”。从“I have seen a big difference in this school…”一句可知,后一分句应该是由slnce引导的时间状语从句。句意为:自从她来以后,可以说我已经看到在这个学校有很大改变。故选C。

54.B。考查副词辨析。naturally“自然地”;especially“尤其”;luckily“幸运地”;certainly“一定”。根据选项揣测句意:我想告诉孩子们,尤其是贫困地区的女孩。这里强调了“贫困地区的女孩”。故选B。

55.D。考查名词辨析。friendship“友谊”;future“未来”;competition“竞争”;education“教育”。根据下一句“接受教育,你就能成为你想成为的人”可知,这里Sitienei说的是“教育将是你的财富”。故选D。

B

The plane took off.A passenger needed a cup of water to take his medicine.An air hostess(空姐)told him that she would bring him the56. But the air hostess was57busy that she forgot to bring him the water.58,the pas-senger couldn't take his medicine on time.About half an hour later,she hurried over to him with a cup of water,but he59it.

In the following hours,each time she60the passenger,she would ask him with a smile whether he needed help or not.But the passenger61paid notice to her.

When it was time to get off the62,the passenger asked her to hand him the passen-gers' booklet (留言簿).She was very63.She thought that he would64bad words in it,but with a smile she handed it to him.

Off the plane,she opened the booklet and then65.The passenger put it,"In the past few hours,you have asked me whether I needed help or not for twelve times in all.How can I refuse your twelve faithful(真诚的)smiles?"

56.A.medicine

B.water

C.cup

D.coffee

57.A.very

B.too

C.quite

D.so

58.A.With her help

B.As a result

C.On the one hand

D.To tell the truth

59. A.drank

B.acceptec-J

C.refused

D.received

60.A.looked at

B.listened to

C.talked about

D.passed by

61.A.usually

B.never

C.sometimes

D.often

62.A.plane

B.train

C.ship

D.bus

63.A.interested

B.happy

C.excited

D.sad

64.A.break down

B.get down

C.write down

D.go down

65.A.smiled

B.cried

C.wondered

D.worried

【主旨大意】

本文是一篇记叙文。文中讲述了一位空姐由于忘记给乘客倒水而使乘客不悦,不过后来她的微笑服务最终还是得到了乘客的认可。由此,作者提示我们:不懈的努力,终会给我们带来成功。

【答案与解析】

56.B。考查名词辨析。根据上一句“一位乘客需要一杯水去服药”及下一句“空姐忘记给他送水”可知,该空格处指的是“水”。句意为:那位空姐告诉他,她将会很快为他取水。故答案为B。

57.D。考查副词辨析。分析句子结构可知,本句中含有so…that句型,意为“如此……以至于”。句意为:但是,空姐太忙而忘记送水给他。故选D。

58.B。考查短语辨析。With her help“在她的帮助下”;As a result“结果是”;On the one hand“一方面”;To tell the truth“说实话”。从上一句“空姐太忙而忘记为他取水”及下一句“这位乘客无法服药”可知,“没取水”造成的结果是“不能服药”。故选B。

59.C。考查动词辨析。drink“喝”;accept“接受”;refuse“拒绝”;receive“接收”。前一分句意为:她匆忙地拿一杯水来到他旁边。由转折连词but可知,这位乘客拒绝了这杯水。故选C。

60.D。考查动词短语辨析。look at“看”;listen to“听”;talk about“谈论”;pass by“经过”。句意为:在接下来的几个小时里,每次她经过这位乘客身边,都会微笑地询问他是否需要帮助。故选D。

61.B。考查频度副词辨析。usually“通常”;never“从不”;sometimes“有时候”;often“经常”。结合上一句可知,她每次从这位乘客身边经过,都会微笑地询问他是否需要帮助,但这位乘客却无视她。故选B。

62.A。考查名词辨析。上文谈论了在飞机上所发生的事。由此可知,该空格处应指“飞机”。句意为:该下飞机了,这位乘客叫她将留言簿拿给他。故选A。

63.D。考查形容词辨析。interested“感兴趣的”;happy“开心的”;excited“兴奋的”;sad“难过的”。根据下句中的bad words in it可推知,这位空姐当时应该很难过。故选D。

64.C。考查动词短语辨析。break down“打破”;get down“拿来”;write down“写下”;go down“下来”。根据下文描述乘客在留言簿中所写的内容可推知,这里应是这位乘客所写下的留言。句意为:她想到他可能会写下批评的意见,但她还是微笑地将留言簿递给了这位乘客。故选C。

65.A。考查动词辨析。根据下一句乘客的留言“在过去的几个小时里,你一共十二次微笑地问我是否需要帮助,我怎能拒绝你真诚的微笑呢?”可知,这位空姐看到这些留言应是在“微笑”。句意为:下飞机后,她打开留言簿,然后笑了。故选A。

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