文/五花肉

从校园走向世界

from the Campus to the World

文/五花肉

篮球运动起源于美国，诞生至今只有100多年，却从一个简单的校园体育游戏，飞速成长为奥运会核心比赛项目，进而发展成为世界上最知名的以手为中心的对抗性体育运动。

Originating from America, basketball has been more than 100 years since it was invented. It has rapidly developed from a campus sport to a core event of Olympics, and thus gets to be one of the most antagonistic sports event with a focus on handling skills in the world..

竞技标准初成雏形

Initial Competitive Standard

1891年12月21日，美国马萨诸塞州的体育教师詹姆士·奈史密斯发明了一种叫做“篮球”的体育游戏，以投球进篮子的准确性为胜负标准，深受当地学生的喜爱，一时之间风靡校园。

On December 21st, 1891, Dr. James Naismith, a physical education instructor in Massachusetts, invented a sports game called "basket ball". Its judgment standard was shooting accuracy. It becameone of the local students' favorite games and then was sweeping across campuses.

诞生之初，篮球就明确了比赛用球和篮筐的标准，统一使用英式A型足球和竹制的桃篮，并制定了相应的竞赛规则，包括十三个条款，规定不允许带球跑、抱人、推人、绊人、打人等，这些都成为了篮球运动日后发展必须恪守的铁律。

In its early time, basketball specified the standard on ball and basket, and unified used soccer ball and a pair of peach baskets. It also made the 13 basic rules, including not allow running with the ball, pushing, holding, tripping and striking in any way of an opponent, which later becomes the core rules in basketball game.

标准助推快速发展

Standards Promote Rapid Development

经过十几年的快速发展，篮球运动在软件和硬件上都日趋规范：人们改用标准尺寸的铁圈代替竹制的桃篮，增设了木质的篮板，统一了比赛的标准场地，并制定了与硬件设施相符的比赛规则。After more than 10 years' development, basketball has been more and more normative both in software and hardware. People used iron hoop in standard size to replace the peach basket, added wood backboard, unified regulation-sized basketball court, and set the rules consistent with the required hardware.

有了标准的推动，兼具趣味性和对抗性的篮球运动，吸引了越来越多爱好者的参与，迅速在全美普及，并逐步传播到世界各地。1904年，圣路易斯奥运会上第1次出现了篮球表演赛。1936年，篮球在柏林奥运会中被列为正式比赛项目。

With the drive of standards, the antagonism and fun of basketball game attracted more and more basketball fans and quickly spread across America and globally. Basketball became a exhibition event at the 1904 Olympic Games in St. Louis. Basketball was introduced into the official Olympic sports program of the 1936 Summer Olympic Games in Berlin.

从量变到质变

From Quantitative Change to Qualitative Change

1932年，国际篮球联合会（原名“国际业余篮球联合会”，通常被称为国际篮联）在瑞士日内瓦成立。专业化组织的出现，开启了篮球运动从量变到质变的进化历程。

The International Basketball Federation, commonly known as FIBA, was founded in Geneva in 1932. The emergence of professional association opened the way of basketball from quantitative change to qualitative change.

通过制定国际篮球规则，国际篮球联合会推动了篮球标准体系在世界范围内的统一、融合，进一步规范了比赛中人与人、人与器材、人与技术等的关系，确保篮球要素各就各位，进而实现复杂协同，形成彼此联系的有机整体，共同推进不断发展壮大的篮球运动走向世界。

By defining the international rules of basketball, FIBA promotes the unification and integration of basketball standard system in the world, stipulates the relationship between people and people, people and equipment, people and technology, ensures every element in its position, achieves the complex coordination, creates an interrelated organic whole, and then promotes the ever-growing basketball to move towards world.

结 语

Conclusion

从诞生之初推动篮球加速传播，到发展期间确保篮球规范发展，纵观篮球运动的每一次重要的发展和变革，标准都承担了重要的使命，为篮球从校园走向世界奠定了坚实的基础。

From driving the spread of basketball at the birth of basketball to making sure the normative development of basketball, in every important stage of development in basketball history, standards make a great contribution and also provide a solid foundation for basketball to move from the campus to the world.

（支持单位：上海市质量和标准化研究院）