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Nitric Oxide Donor食品保健品作用机理综述

2016-03-24刘玉花朱伟丽刘震杰曹珍艳

现代食品 2016年1期
关键词:精氨酸一氧化氮硝酸盐

◎韩 奇,魏 冰,刘玉花,朱伟丽,刘震杰,曹珍艳

(1.北京康比特运动营养研究所,北京 100029;

2.威斯康辛大学医学中心血管外科研究所,美国 威斯康辛州 53705)

Nitric Oxide Donor食品保健品作用机理综述

◎韩 奇1,魏 冰1,刘玉花1,朱伟丽1,刘震杰2,曹珍艳1

(1.北京康比特运动营养研究所,北京 100029;

2.威斯康辛大学医学中心血管外科研究所,美国 威斯康辛州 53705)

一氧化氮(Nitric Oxide,NO)是维持所有正常身体机能的重要信号分子,提高血管内皮细胞NO水平有助加速血液循环,并有助于将氧气和血液中的养分供给到身体四肢的中末端毛细血管,滋养骨骼肌。NO合成机理是通过一氧化氮合酶(Nitric Oxide Synthase,NOS)促进精氨酸(L-Arg)转化为NO,以及肠-唾液腺的硝酸盐-亚硝酸盐-NO途径产生NO。而通过血管内皮组织中一氧化氮合酶(Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase,eNOS)的作用,可以提高血管内皮组织中的NO的产生和释放,达到使血管平滑肌放松和扩张血管的效果。基于最近的研究,撰写了这篇NO食品保健品机理综述。

一氧化氮补剂;食品;保健机理

1 NO的化学属性特征

1.1 NO结构与性质

一氧化氮(Nitric Oxide,NO)在标准大气压和室温下以无色的气体形式存在。NO分子本身有一个不稳定的未配对的电子,NO也被认为是一种自由基(见图1)。当机体受到病原体刺激时,巨噬细胞等免疫细胞的IL-1、NF-κB、IFN-γ及TNF-α等炎症反应因子被激活,进而激发其iNOS的转录及活性,促进免疫细胞中诱导型NO的产生,而NO由于其自由基特性,可以抑制病原体的DNA合成,并诱导病原体双链DNA断裂[1]。

图1 NO的化学结构式

一氧化氮合酶NOSs(EC1.14.13.39)有3种同工酶,分别为神经型(nNOS)、诱生型(iNOS)和内皮型(eNOS)。在安全范围内,提高机体中NO水平会有如下作用: 1)由nNOS催化产生的NO通过提高神经细胞间的沟通,改善记忆、认知行为和睡眠;2)在病原体刺激下巨噬细胞上调iNOS转录,催化产生NO,可抑致病菌,抵御肿瘤发展;3)血管内皮细胞中由eNOS催化产生的NO可以扩张血管,降低血压,降低血管外周阻力,缓解心绞痛,缓解动脉粥样硬化/狭窄;4)提高机体NO可以提高运动耐力,并促进运动后恢复[2]。

1.2 NO机理的临床应用

提高机体NO水平的保健品和药品大都采用NO前体物质。硝酸甘油(三硝酸甘油酯,Nitroglycerin)通过舌下含服可以迅速进入人体并代谢产生NO,激活鸟苷酸环化酶,增加细胞内环一磷酸鸟苷(cGMP)的含量,激活依赖于cGMP的蛋白酶,促使平滑肌细胞肌球蛋白轻链去磷酸化,胞浆Ca2+浓度降低,从而舒张血管、降低血压,降低心脏泵血的后负荷(Afterload),降低血管剪切应力、缓解心绞痛[3]。硝酸甘油代谢有酶的途径和非酶的途径,而线粒体乙醛脱氢酶(mtALDH)在酶的代谢途径中起了关键作用[4]。

吸入式NO气体为极低浓度的NO,通过病人吸入使肺部血管平滑肌细胞放松,血管舒张,提高肺静脉血流量,加快氧气运输,从而达到治疗新生儿慢性肺血管高压的目的[5,6]。需要注意的是,过度吸入NO气体会导致高铁血红蛋白症(血红蛋白无法正常释放氧气)和肺部损伤。

Koboyashi等[7]报道了硝酸盐含量丰富的食物缓解心血管疾病的作用,如心肌缺血、慢性肺梗阻(COPD)、肿瘤、动脉粥样硬化、糖尿病和高血压。Philip等[8]分析了127例透皮吸收硝酸甘油的病例发现,硝酸甘油使静卧收缩压在24 h内下降7.9 mm Hg(95% CI 0.1,15.8),并提高心率6.2 bpm(95% CI 2.7,9.8)。

2 提高机体NO水平的食品保健品原料分析

提高NO水平的途径有L-Arg途径和硝酸盐-亚硝酸盐-NO途径。亚硝酸盐长期被用来作为保存肉类食品的防腐剂,其可以有效抑制有害病菌(如肉毒杆菌)在肉类食品中的繁殖[9]。硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐本身并不致癌,但他们可以在体内转化为N-亚硝胺(N-nitrosamine),而N-亚硝胺一直以来备受科学家的重视。一部分硝酸盐亚亚硝酸盐进入体内后可以转化为亚硝胺,但这些亚硝胺不同于由尼古丁导致的N-亚硝基尼古丁(N-Nitrosonornicotine,NNN)等一类致癌物[10],由食物摄入的硝酸盐转化生成的亚硝胺化合物含量低,且不具有强致癌性[10-13]。一项WHO的报告称采用100只Fisher 344大鼠的为期两年的硝酸钠膳食研究表明,服用硝酸钠的实验组患单核细胞白血病的概率比对照组降低,并且实验组与对照组的癌症发病率没有显著变化[14]。2007年,世界癌症研究基金会、美国癌症研究学会的报道称,食用硝酸盐丰富的绿叶蔬菜(每日500 g)没有提高癌症的发病率,相反还发现了很多益处[15],这可能是由于很多蔬菜中含有丰富的维生素C、多酚等物质抑制了内源性亚硝胺的生成[14]。

2.1 提高机体NO水平的氨基酸

2.1.1 L-精氨酸(L-Arg)

L-Arg是人身体产生NO的底物,可以在不同的一氧化氮合酶作用下分解,其化学反应方程式为L-Arg + 3/2 NADPH + H++ 2 O2↔Citrulline + NO + 3/2 NADP+。eNOS存在于血管平滑肌细胞,可以促进血管平滑肌细胞放松,使血管扩张[2]。Dong等[16]的研究表明每日服用4~24 g的L-精氨酸可以通过扩张血管分别降低收缩压(SBP)和舒张压(DBP)为5.4、2.7 mm Hg。Huang等[17]试验表明L-Arg可以提高老年大鼠的耐力、抵抗氧化损伤和抗炎症反应,并且降低运动引起的乳酸堆积和尿酸堆积。Schaefer等[18]表明L-Arg可以降低运动导致的血乳酸(P<0.01)和血氨(P<0.01)堆积。McConell GK等[19]的研究表明,安静时补充L-Arg可以增加血浆胰岛素、生长激素、胰高血糖素、儿茶酚胺和催乳素水平。

2.1.2 L-瓜氨酸(L-Cit)和L-鸟氨酸(L-Orn)

氨与CO2通过以L-Arg、L-Cit、L-Orn为关键底物的反应方程生成尿素的过程叫做尿循环。三羧酸循环(TCA/Kreb cycle)被发现之前,Hans K.和Kurt H.就已经发现了尿循环可以使循环系统中的血氨和CO2合成为尿素,排出体外。运动时,线粒体通过Kreb Cycle产生ATP以及大量CO2,同时产生氨基。Hristina等[20]发现高强度训练会产生一过性的高血氨症状,这可能是AMP在AMP脱氨酶(Adenosine Monophosphate Deaminase 1)的作用下被分解为肌酐酸(Inosine Monophosphate,IMP)和游离的氨基。AmèleM等[21]研究表明最大耐力测试后98%的被试者高乳酸和高血氨症状在运动后第5~15 min内得到缓解。Ament等[22]研究表明,功率自行车递增负荷运动同样会导致血乳酸和血氨升高。Mutch等[23]阐述了血氨堆积可能是运动疲劳感产生的一个重要因素。Demura等[24]发现注射L-鸟氨酸盐酸盐的运动员在力竭性功率自行车测试后即刻和第15 min时血氨水平比空白对照组低。因此,可以通过提高尿循环底物的方法来促进运动终产物血氨和CO2生成尿素,达到缓解运动疲劳和提高运动耐力的目的。Erez[25]对尿循环和精氨酸瓜氨酸-NO循环进行了较好的总结(见图2)。

图2 尿循环及精氨酸瓜氨酸-NO循环通路

2.2 提高机体NO水平的纯天然植物

菠菜和甜菜根的硝酸盐含量较高,摄入人体后通过硝酸盐-亚硝酸盐-NO途径可以提高体内NO水平,达到扩张血管和降低血压的保健效果[26]。Jovanovski等[27]RCT实验表明,通过7日菠菜带来的高硝酸盐膳食可以显著降低收缩压(P<0.01)。Lundberg等[28-30]的研究表明,蔬菜是日常人体硝酸盐的最大供应源,部分硝酸盐在口腔微生物和硝酸盐还原酶的作用下转化为亚硝酸盐,未被舌下静脉丛吸收的亚硝酸盐在胃部的酸性环境中会迅速的转化为NO及其他氮氧化合物,其余未被转化的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐在小肠中被吸收。通过归纳整理来自Pietro和Tamme的研究[31,32],可以发现火箭菜(Rocket)、瑞士甜菜(Swiss chard)、菠菜(Spinach)、生菜(Lettuce)、水萝卜(Radish)、甘蓝(Kohlrabi)、甜菜根(Beetroot)、叶菊苣(Leaf chicory)、中国白菜(Chinese cabbage)和芹菜(Celery)的硝酸盐含量位居前十(见表1)。

3 分析与讨论

L-Arg、L-Cit、L-Orn提升运动表现的报道很多。Yavuz等[33]发现运动前补充L-Arg可以提高男性摔跤运动员的耐力。Valgas等[34]研究表明大鼠补充L-Arg可以提高细胞代谢的NO/PGC-1a/mTFA通路,并且提高细胞内线粒体电子传递链(ETC)相关蛋白含量进而提高运动能力。Lomonosova等[35]表明L-Arg可以提高耐力并保护肌膜和肌纤维结构。Camic等[36]研究表明L-Arg可以提高被试者功率自行车上的耐力表现。Tekeda等[37]研究表明补充L-Cit可以显著增加小鼠力竭性耐力运动时间,而运动引发的高血氨和高乳酸堆积的情况被缓解。Hickner等[38]证明L-Cit补剂可以提高耐力和胰岛素功能。Sugino等[39]研究表明L-Orn或L-鸟氨酸盐酸盐可以降低疲劳感。Meneguello等[40]研究表明同时补充L-Arg、L-Cit、L-Orn的小鼠力竭性游泳运动后谷氨酰胺水平较高,而谷氨酰胺对缓冲运动产生的血氨有重要的作用。Zajac等[41]研究表明L-Arg和L-Orn补剂可以提高力量训练后的生长激素(Growth Hormone)和一型胰岛素样生长因子(IGF-1)。然而,有些研究表明外源的L-Arg并不能提高运动成绩。Sandbakk等[42]表明运动前48 h补充L-Arg和硝酸盐补剂并不能提高高水平运动员的运动耐力。虽然张漓等[43,44]2003年对大鼠股外肌的研究表明,小剂量外源性L-Arg并不能提高NO水平和一氧化氮合酶活性,但是2007年对大鼠的L-Arg阶梯对照实验表明小剂量和大剂量外源性L-Arg均可以显著提高股外肌NOS水平,并显著降低血清CK。

表1 不同国家植物中硝酸盐平均含量(mg/kg)

4 结论

虽然通过NO donor食品保健品原料提高运动能力有一定的科学依据,但尚未确凿。因此,提高人体硝酸盐水平和L-Arg水平的食品保健品的功效研究依旧不容忽视。

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Nitric Oxide Donor Foods Mechanism Review

Han Qi1, Wei Bing1, Liu Yuhua1, Zhu Weili1, Liu Zhenjie2, Cao Zhenyan1
(1.Beijing Competitor Sport Nutrition Research Institute, Beijing 100029, China;2.Institute of Vascular Surgery, Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin, America Wisconsin 53705, America)

Nitric Oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule for normal functioning of the body. which could improve the vascular endothelial cell nitric oxide (no) level to help speed up the blood circulation, and help the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to upper and lower extremity capillaries that fuel the skeletal muscle. NO can be generated endogenously from L-arginine (L-Arg) under Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) catalyzed process andentero-saliva Nitrate-Nitrite-NO process. And through the role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) can improve vascular endothelial NO production and release, reach the vascular smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation effect. Based on the recent research, this paper has written a review of the NO food health care products.

Nitric Oxide Donor; Foods; Health Mechanism

TS218

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