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论佛教菱格画到连环画形式的演变

2015-11-11高勇

创意设计源 2015年4期

高勇

[摘要]佛教由丝绸之路传入中国,在新疆克孜尔等地石窟寺留下了丰富的、以菱格画为主的佛教壁画艺术。随着佛教的东传,这种菱格形式的故事画发生了演变,敦煌莫高窟的连环形式故事画就是其中最为典型的反映。本文则重在探讨克孜尔菱格画到敦煌连环形式故事画的演变过程,立足于两者在形式结构上所具有的内在联系,从风格形式分析入手,结合佛教和艺术的发展规律,试论这种“继承”和“发展”的演变结构。

[关键词]佛教;克孜尔;菱格画;莫高窟;连环画;演变

[Abstract] As the introduction of Buddhism from India through the Silk Route, the abundant Buddhist Mural Art based on the Lattice Paintings are remained in both grottoes and temples located in areas like Sinkiang (Xinjiang) and etc. With the transferring eastwards of the Buddhist, the Lattice-narrative paintings became evolved and developed, moreover, one could say that it is the Comic-narrative Painting of Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang that plays the most typical role in reflecting this kind of evolution and development. In this paper, the writer emphasize on the investigation of the process of the transformation from the Lattice-narratice Paintings of Kizil to Comic-narrative Paintings in Mogao Grottoes. Meanwhile, to criticize the evolving configuration in “inheriting”and “developing” by pitching in the inherent relationship of the form and configuration between both of the two areas,as well as combining the laws of development of the both Buddhism and art.

[Key words] Buddhism;Kizil;Lattice paintings;Mogao Grottoes;Comic paintings;Evolution

一、菱格画和连环画艺术形式剖析

菱格画具有很强的地域性,其多被用来指代新疆龟兹佛教石窟中出现的壁画。“菱格画”,一般认为由两个组成部分——外在菱格和内部的画,即“一图一故事”形式。“一图”,就是以几何“菱形”(◇)为单元,有二方菱格和四方菱格(图1)之分;“故事”,“一般绘因缘、本生等佛经故事,把一个故事的主要情节浓缩在菱形格内”[1]。因此,也可以称之为“菱形格画”。当然,由此形式也演变为了其他的几种子形式,如▽、△等,“一般△形内多绘本生故事,安排在下排,也填补一些其他的内容,如坐禅者、树木、动物等”[2]。但从克孜尔及其周边地区看,还是主要以◇形式为主。这种多以直线、角线为主的几何构图风格,在出土的古代陶器、丝绸上也是很常见的,其中最典型的是网状形式。相比于陶器、丝绸上的几何纹样,在新疆克孜尔的佛教石窟壁画中出现的这种菱格画则显示出另一种美感和功能。……

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