APP下载

顺藤摸瓜,巧解阅读理解词义猜测题

2015-05-30葛春燕

新东方英语·中学版 2015年6期
关键词:题干因果关系代词

作为阅读理解的一种题型,词义猜测题虽然在高考中所占比例较小,但基本每年都考。近几年来,词义猜测题增加了对短语及句意的猜测,难度逐年增加,考生需要综合分析上下文才能得出答案。那么,如何“顺藤摸瓜”,通过上下文来确定词义呢?下面,笔者介绍几种利用上下文进行词义猜测的方法,希望可以帮助各位同学攻克词义猜测题。

释义法

所谓释义法,是指在上下文中寻找对所猜测的词语或句子进行解释说明的信息。通常,这种信息会以如下方式出现在上下文中:①以定义、定语(从句)、同位语的形式出现,此时常见的线索词有that is、which is、in other words等;②用逗号、冒号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明。例如2014年辽宁卷C篇第29题。

The underlined sentence "the opposite is true" in Paragraph 2 probably means that trees _______.

A. compete for survival

B. protect their own wealth

C. depend on each other

D. provide support for dying trees

首先根据题干可以定位到原文第二段第三句:In fact, the opposite is true: trees survive through their co-operation and support, passing around necessary nutrition "depending on who needs it". 很显然,冒号后的部分是解释说明划线句子的。根据该部分的句意可知,树是靠相互合作和支持才得以生存,故选C。

同义法

所谓同义法,是指在上下文中寻找与要猜测的部分语义相同或相近的词或短语等。这类词或短语有时与要猜测的部分之间有并列连词and或or连接,有时会在上/下文出现其同义词或短语。例如2014年福建卷A篇第58题。

The underlined word "intimidated" in the fourth paragraph probably means "______".

A. astonished B. struck

C. frightened D. excited

首先根据题干可以定位到原文第四段:As we walked up to her, my son became intimidated by all the blood and medical equipment. He said he was just too scared to go up to her. 后面句子提到他太害怕(scared)而不敢靠近,由此可知“我”的儿子应该是被吓到了,scared为intimidated的同义词。四个选项只有frightened可表示“被吓到了”,故选C。

对比转折法

对比转折法是指通过意思相反或是相对应的两个词语或句子来判断其中一个的意思。只要知道其中一个的含义,另一个的含义也就一目了然。两部分之间常见的标志词有but、yet、however、while、on the other hand、on the contrary等。例如2014年福建卷D篇第69题。

The underlined sentence in the second paragraph probably implies that _______.

A. however materially rich, they never seem to be satisfied

B. however materially rich, they remain spiritually poor

C. though their house is big, they prefer a simple life

D. though their house is big, it seems to be a cage

首先根据题干可以定位到原文第二段划线句子:They live in too big a house with too many rooms, yet their house of life is a hut. 根据本句中的转折连词yet 可知,逗号前后应该是相反的意思。句中的too many rooms强调的是物质方面,所以yet后应该强调精神方面,故选B。

举例法

举例法是指根据作者所列举的例子来猜测词语或句子的意思。常见的线索词包括such as、for example等。例如2014年江西卷D篇第71题。

The underlined word "gadgets" is closest in meaning to _______.

A. tools B. messages

C. barriers D. skills

首先根据题干可以定位到原文第二段:With the communication gadgets, such as mobile phones and iPads, people often do not take the effort to visit one another personally. 根据such as后面列举的mobile phones、iPads可知,这些都是人们经常使用的通信工具,可推断gadgets应该表示“工具”的含义,故选A。

代词替代法

一般来讲,代词所指代的内容多在其所在句子的前后句中。做题时首先分析句子,找到代词指代的内容,然后将其放在代词的位置上,看其是否符合上下文语境,来判定其是否为正确答案。这种方法就是代词替代法,例如2014年山东卷B篇第47题。

What does the underlined word "It" in Paragraph 3 refer to?

A. The heat.

B. The theater.

C. The Music Man.

D. The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance.

首先根据题干可以定位到原文第三段:Then, we sat and watched The Music Man followed by The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance. We'd already seen the second movie once before. It had been at the theater since January, because Mr. Bellow loved anything with John Wayne in it. 根据“It”前面的两句话可知,第二部电影“我们”已经看过一次,所以it在此指上文提到的第二部电影The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance,故选D。

因果关系法

一定的原因会导致一定的结果,如果要猜测的词语或句子处于有因果关系的句子或段落中时,就可以通过因果关系法来猜测词义或句意。常见的表因果关系的词语有since、as、because、for、so、thus、consequently、therefore、result in/from、as a result、for this reason、so that、so ... that、such ... that等。例如2014年广东卷D篇第41题。

The underlined phrase swap meets in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _______.

A. fitting rooms B. trading fairs

C. business talks D. group meetings

首先根据题干可以定位到原文第一段最后一句话:There were so many shoes that people were setting up swap meets to try and match left and right shoes to sell or wear. 由前面的so和后面的that从句可知前后为因果关系。再根据that引导的结果状语从句中的to try and match和to sell or wear,特别是sell,可推断出是建立交易市场,故选B。

情境推断法

猜测任何词义、句意都离不开文章的语言情境,因此我们还可以通过推断具体的情境来猜测词义或句意。例如2014年辽宁卷B篇第27题。

The underlined word "belated" in Situation IV probably means _______.

A. predicted B. returned

C. cancelled D. delayed

根据题干可定位到Situation IV中的对话:Q: If I remember my friend's birthday a day late, should I apologize or just wish her a happy birthday like nothing happened? A: This is the reason why the word belated was invented. "Happy belated birthday!" is short for: "Well, I know I forgot, but then I remembered. Forgive me and happy birthday." 由对话可知对朋友说Happy belated birthday是在忘记朋友生日后进行的补救措施,由此可推断belated应该是指“迟到的,晚来的”,故选D。

作者简介:

葛春燕,山东省东营市利津县第一中学教师,多年被评为教学先进个人,并有多篇论文发表于省市级期刊。

猜你喜欢

题干因果关系代词
复合不定代词点拨
数字算式
玩忽职守型渎职罪中严重不负责任与重大损害后果的因果关系
代词(一)
代词(二)
提纲挈领 拨云见日
帮助犯因果关系刍议
在阅读题干中寻求解题锁钥