汉代儒学的述行策略及其流变面向——兼论“罢黜百家”与百家“曲胜”

刘成敏

(南京大学 文学院,南京 210023)

摘要：诸般史迹营构了汉代儒学复兴之象,但学界存有儒学“胜利”“堕落”两说,揭示了汉代儒学流变的两个面向。悖论现象背后,实系汉人崇术轻学、子学杂家化等思潮之流衍。回溯历史线索,汉代术进学退、儒学杂家化及附势行术等新的述行思维可得明晰。而所谓“罢黜百家”,儒术并未独胜,相反成就了百家学说之“曲胜”。

关键词:汉代儒学;述行策略;流变面向;百家“曲胜”

收稿日期：2014-10-12

作者简介：刘成敏,男,南京大学文学院博士研究生,主要从事汉代政治与学术研究。

中图分类号：I206.09文献标志码：A

Confucianism Performative Strategies and Directions of Transformation in Han Dynasty

—An Analysis of “ZhuziWere Banned” but “Succeed Indirectly”

LIU Cheng-min

(SchoolofLiberalArts,NanjingUniversity,Nanjing210023,China)

Abstract:There are two paradox voices about the revival of Confucianism constructed by typical phenomena, the victory and the corruption, which display the two directions of Confucianism’s transformation in Han dynasty. Behind the paradox, it’s the academic trend of skills overweighing truth and inter-accommodation between Zhuzi(诸子); tracing the history, the performative thinking of Confucianism accommodating Zhuzi and carrying out its kingcrafts by submitting to monarch can be clearly sketched. The Confucianism doesn’t win separately by banning Zhuzi , whereas it makes the others succeed indirectly.

Key words: Confucianism in Han dynasty; performative strategies; directions of Confucianism’s transformation; the indirect success ofZhuziout of Confucianism

一、两种声音:“胜利”与“堕落”

古代中国学术、思想的演变常常为政治所左右,汉代儒学的流变便十分明显。诸般史迹营构了汉代儒学复兴之象,多有学人申阐,不复赘言。但是细究而论,学界其实存在两种声音:一是“儒学的胜利”,一是“儒学的堕落”。前者,如美国汉学家费正清便以之论汉代思想学术,指出这实际上是延续整个汉代的缓慢过程。[1]62另一位汉学家顾立雅也引述其时通见,“人们通常认为,儒学在公元前2世纪取得了胜利”[2]207;甚至汉高祖的登基即被视为儒家胜利的标志[2](转引)278。较于“复兴”,“胜利”一语深涵角逐、竞争的意味,似更突出复兴之不易。不过,后者的声音也颇强烈,如刘大杰谓“汉武帝时代起来的儒家,虽顶着孔子那块老招牌,其学说已经不是孔子的真面目”[3],劳思光认为儒学入汉便丧失原有精神,是“汉儒之没落”[4]。……