1. defend v. 防守，防御；保卫，辩解

Troops have been sent to defend the borders.

部队已被派出守卫边疆。

How can you defend such behavior？

你怎能为这种行为辩解呢？

搭配：

defend sb/sth against sb/sth 抵御……；为……申辩

All officers are trained to defend themselves against knife attacks.

所有警察都接受过防御训练以对付持刀袭击。

defence n. 保卫，防御；辩方，被告方

At least， for that， his defence team should be grateful.

至少对于这一点，他的辩护团应该感到感激。

2. attend v. 上（学）；出席，参加；照料

She is so sick that she cant attend a class.

她病得太严重而不能上课。

It is necessary for you to attend the meeting.

你有必要参加这次会议。

She was constantly attended by her sister.

她经常由她姐姐照料着。

attend to sb/sth 处理；照料；注意（听）

I have some urgent business to attend to.

我有一些急事要处理。

3. various adj. 各种各样的，各种不同的；若干

There are various ways of doing this work.

做这一工作的方法有很多种。

Various people said theyd seen the accident.

很多人说他们目睹了这次车祸。

variety n. 各式各样的事物；变化，多样化；种类，品种

Everyone arrived late at the party for a variety of reasons.

参加聚会的人因为种种原因而迟到。

4. immediate adj. 立刻的，即刻的；直接的

This work demands your immediate attention.

这项工作需要你立即处理。

The immediate cause of the fire is unknown.

造成火灾的直接原因不明。

immediately adv. 立即地，马上

conj. 一……就……

I came immediately after I had eaten.

我一吃完饭就过来了。

5. deserve v. 应得，值得；值得受到（奖赏或惩罚）

You deserve a good rest after all that hard work.

辛苦这么久，你该好好休息下了。

If the little boy really lied， he deserved punishment.

如果那个小男孩真的撒谎了，那他应该受到惩罚。

搭配：

（sb） deserve to do（某人）应做（某事）

Everyone deserves to have a chance at life.

每个人在人生当中都应得一次机会。

6. rely v. 信任，信赖；依赖，依靠

You can rely on me to keep your secret.

你尽可以相信我会替你保守秘密。

These days people rely heavily on computers to finish work.

今天的人们很大程度上依赖电脑来完成工作。

Rely on me/my doing it.

放心好了，我会做那件事。

7. appoint v. 任命，委派；安排，确定（时间、地点）

They appointed him as captain of the English team.

他们任命他为英格兰队队长。

A date for the meeting is still to be appointed.

会议日期尚待确定。

appointment n. 预约；约会；任命

The director wont see you unless you have an appointment.

除非事先预约，否则董事不会见你。

8. commit v. 犯（错误，罪行）；作出保证，承诺

Most teenagers commit crimes because they lack parental control.

大多数青少年犯罪是由于缺少父母监管。

The manager has refused to commit himself on this matter.

那位经理拒绝就此问题作出承诺。

commitment n. 承诺，诺言；忠诚，支持

The companys commitment to provide quality at a reasonable price has been vital to its success.

这家公司保证供货质优价廉的承诺对它的成功起了决定性作用。

9. confirm v.（尤指通过提供更多证据）证实，进一步确

定；批准，确认

The expression on her face confirmed our worst fears.

她脸上的表情证实了我们最担心的事情发生了。

confirmation n. 证实；证明；确定

There has still been no official confirmation of the report.

传闻还没有得到官方的证实。

10. There is no doubt that... 毫无疑问

There is no doubt that we did the right thing.

毫无疑问我们做对了。

There is no doubt that she will call us when she gets there.

她到达那儿的时候必定会给我们打电话。

（1） There is no possibility that... 没有……的可能性

There is no possibility that she will be lost.

她不可能会迷路。

（2） It is no wonder that... 难怪……

It is no wonder that youve got a headache when you drank so much last night.

昨晚你喝了那么多酒，难怪你头痛。

11. if necessary 如果有必要的话

If necessary （= If it is necessary）， you can use my car.

必要的话，你可以用我的车。

You may refer the matter to him if necessary （= if it is necessary）.

必要的话你可以把这件事委托给他。

“if+形容词”是“if （it is/was） + 形容词”省略it is/was的形式；if necessary为if it is necessary省略句形式。if后还可跟possible，ready等。例如：

If possible （= If it is possible）， let me know beforehand.

如果可能，事先让我知道。

Send the goods now if ready （= if it is ready）.

货物如已备好，请立即送来。

12. be used to （sth/doing sth） 习惯于（某事/做某事）

We are used to the noise from the traffic now.

现在我们已经适应车辆往来的噪音了。

I found the job tiring at first but soon I was used to it.

起初我觉得这份工作很辛苦，但很快就习惯了。

辨析：

比较be used to和used to

be used to sth/doing sth指某人已经习惯、适应于某事/做某事，否定形式为be not used to，同时，可与get used to sth/doing sth互换。

Im not used to eating so much at lunch time.

我不习惯午饭吃那么多。

used to指过去常常做某事而现在不做某事；否定形式为didnt use to或usednt to。

I used to smoke， but I gave up a couple of years ago.

我以前要抽烟，但两年前戒掉了。

13. draw sbs attention to 引起某人注意（某事物）

The teacher tries to draw students attention to what she is saying.

老师想把学生注意力引到她所讲的内容上。

pay attention to 注意……，留心……

You must pay attention to the teacher.

你必须专心听老师讲课。

The music was on but I wasnt paying much attention to it.

音乐响起，但是我没怎么注意听。

14. take possession of 占有，占据，拥有

You cant take possession of the house until all the papers have been signed.

所有的文件签字以后你才能拥有这座房子。

（1） possess v. 拥有，占有；支配

The police asked me if I possessed the car.

警察问这辆车是不是我的。

（2） in possession of 拥有，占有

He is in possession of a large estate in the country.

他在乡下拥有一大块地产。

15. be based on 根据，以……为基础

The report is based on different figures from six European cities.

报告是根据来自欧洲六个城市的不同数据完成的。

Friendship should be based on mutual respect.

友谊应建立在对彼此的尊重之上。

（1） base n. 底部，根基，基础；总部，基地

v. 以……为基础；以……为基地

Many languages have Latin as their base.

许多语言都以拉丁语为基础。

Our companys base is in London， but we have branches all over the world.

我们公司的总部在伦敦，但是我们在全世界各处都设有分公司。

Who Discovered America

Teacher： Pappu， go to the map and find North America.

Pappu： Here it is！

Teacher： Correct. Now， class， who discovered America？

Class： Pappu！

跟踪导练（一）

阅读理解

A T-shirt has become one of the most popular items sold by online trader Amazon in the past few weeks. Sales of the Three Wolf Moon T-shirt shot up 2，300% after an increase of ironic（讽刺性的）comments went up.

The first review gave the shirt five stars， saying “It fits my fat body， has wolves on it， attracts girls” but “cannot see wolves with arms crossed”. That caused hundreds of others to post foolish reviews， turning the page into an Internet attraction.

“When I put this T-shirt on for the first time， my wife left me！ Thank you， Three Wolf Moon T-shirt！” wrote one man， while another said， “The Three Wolf Moon T-shirt gave me a ten-plus resistance to energy attacks， eight-plus strength. And I have successfully solved 7 crimes in my city.”

Amazons senior manager of community content， Russell Dicker， said the T-shirt was currently the top selling item in their clothing store. “The Three Wolf Moon T-shirt recently moved up 2，300% in sales rank，” he said. “We are grateful that our reviewers are so passionate.”

However， the firm which actually made the T-shirt appeared less than pleased at some of the comments. “The Mountain is a wholesale（批发的）company and does not sell shirts on Amazon. These comments werent acceptable in some way until the shirt made the Mountain Three Wolf Moon T-shirt company into the top 10 in the Amazon clothing part，” they said in a posting on the Amazon site. “We appreciate buyers humor， but we dont agree on some of the remarks.”

However， the firms art director Michael McGloin said the firm was actually rather pleased with the publicity. “Well take ironic fashion someday and were printing another 400，000 more T-shirts， and its just a wonderful thing，” he said.

1. What brought about the increase of the sale of the T-shirt？

A. The low price. B. The quality of it.

C. The special style. D. The humorous reviews.

2. What is the second man most probably mentioned in Paragraph 3？

A. A policeman. B. A salesman.

C. An athlete. D. An official.

3. Talking about the Mountain， the firm that made the T-shirt ___ .

A. was to compete with it

B. decided to force it to sell more

C. was not satisfied with it at first

D. thought it should make greater progress

4. What can we infer from the words of Michael McGloin？

A. He is proud. B. He is honest.

C. He is hopeful. D. He is hard working.

单项选择

1. Im sorry to tell you that I have a baby to ___ tomorrow night.

A. stick to B. help to

C. attend to D. lead to

2. Women should learn how to ___ themselves when under attack.

A. prevent B. develop

C. guide D. defend

3. The five-year-old girl is ___ because she can draw very well without learning.

A. talented B. gentle

C. skilled D. strict

4. You need to ___ and take care of your little brother for your parents.

A. pick up B. make up

C. go up D. grow up

5. The country life he was used to ___ greatly since 1993.

A. change B. changing

C. has changed D. have changed

阅读表达

The word “addiction” usually makes you think of alcohol or drugs， but in modern-day society we are seeing some new kinds of addictions. Some people are compulsive（难以自制的）shoppers. Others find it impossible to pull themselves away from their work. Still others spend countless hours watching TV or playing computer games.

Over the years， shopping has become a very common activity. Many people enjoy going to malls or stores more and more every day， but its more than a common hobby for some of them. They have turned into shopaholics. They are people who simply enjoy shopping and walking around spending money without being able to stop doing it. They are hooked on shopping and usually buy things that they dont need. Even though they dont have enough money， they buy everything they want.

The question is： why do they have this addiction？ There isnt a specific answer. Some people go shopping when they are sad， worried， upset or lonely and they want to feel better. They use this activity as a way to forget their problems. Shopaholics say that they feel more important and better after they buy something. They also tend to have this addiction when they feel guilty.

Shopaholism seems to be a harmless addiction， but it can bring about many problems. Some of them can be psychological. If this is the case， people addicted to shopping should go to a support group to help them break this habit. However， the process， like for most addictions， is long， and they suffer a lot. It can also cause financial problems. They just think about satisfying their feelings， so they spend money they dont have. They get deep in debt， and they can even go bankrupt（破产）and get sent to prison.

跟踪导练（三）

阅读理解

Pearl opened her eyes when Ezra turned a page of his magazine. She pulled off her quilt. “Ezra，” she said. “If I could just have some water，” she told him.

He poured it from the waterpot. She heard no ice cubes clinking（叮当声）； they must have melted. Yet it seemed just minutes ago that hed brought in a whole new supply. He raised her head， rested it on his shoulder， and tipped the glass to her lips. Yes， half-heated not that she minded. She drank gratefully， keeping her eyes closed. His shoulder felt steady and comfortable. He laid her back down on the pillow.

“Dr Vincents coming at ten，” he told her.

“What time is it now？”

“Eight thirty.”

“Eight thirty in the morning？”

“Yes.”

“Have you been here all night？” she asked.

“I slept a little.”

“Sleep now. I wont be needing you.”

“Well， maybe after the doctor comes.”

It was important to Pearl that she cheated the doctor. She didnt want to go to the hospital. She had lung disease， and she was almost certain； she guessed it from a past experience. She recognized the way it settled into her back. If Dr Vincent found out， he would take her out of her own bed， her own house， and send her off to Union Memorial.

“Maybe you should cancel the doctor altogether，” she told Ezra. “Im improved very much， I believe.”

“Let him decide that.”

“Well， I know how my own self feels， Ezra.”

“We wont argue about it just now，” said he.

She sighed and smoothed her quilt. Wasnt it supposed to be the daughter who came and nursed you？ She knew she should send him away but she couldnt make herself do it. “I guess you want to get back to that restaurant，” she told him.

“No， no.”

“Youre like a mother who chatters about that place，” she said unhappily.

1. It can be inferred from the dialogue that Pearl had spent the night ___ .

A. staying in her bed

B. thinking about her illness

C. talking to Ezra about the past

D. making plans to go to the hospital

2. What could Ezra most probably do if Pearl was really ill？

A. Hed agree to let her stay home.

B. Hed make sure she would recover.

C. Hed insist on sending her to hospital.

D. Hed ask another doctor to make sure.

3. What does the underlined sentence suggest？

A. Pearl wanted to sleep.

B. Pearl wished Ezra to leave her alone.

C. Pearl was seriously ill and missed her daughter.

D. Pearl gave up persuading Ezra to cancel the doctor.

短文改错

This is a fact that Senior Three students are working hard at their lessons， hope to improve their academic performance and pass the College Entrance Examination. But what worries me is that the large number of students is not active in taking physical exercise. The reason is because they dont pay enough attention to the importance of regular exercise. In fact， its very important of students to have sports every day. Experts say physical exercise is great importance for their physically and mental health. And a lack of sleep or exercise may be cause them to feel sleepy in class， which in the end led to students performing badly in exams.

单项选择

1. She waved her hands to ___ my attention to her dress.

A. search B. draw

C. pay D. distract

2. As her little brothers coming， the cost of the family is moving ___ .

A. more B. less

C. upwards D. forward

3. Greg has been ___ the sales manager just now.

A. appointing by B. appointing like

C. appointed as D. appointed be

4. The white lines marked the ___ of the basketball field.

A. ends B. boundaries

C. terminals D. boards

5. It is uncertain ___ side effect the medicine will bring about， although about one hundred patients have taken it.

A. that B. how

C. what D. whether

“No， no.”

“Youre like a mother who chatters about that place，” she said unhappily.

1. It can be inferred from the dialogue that Pearl had spent the night ___ .

A. staying in her bed

B. thinking about her illness

C. talking to Ezra about the past

D. making plans to go to the hospital

2. What could Ezra most probably do if Pearl was really ill？

A. Hed agree to let her stay home.

B. Hed make sure she would recover.

C. Hed insist on sending her to hospital.

D. Hed ask another doctor to make sure.

3. What does the underlined sentence suggest？

A. Pearl wanted to sleep.

B. Pearl wished Ezra to leave her alone.

C. Pearl was seriously ill and missed her daughter.

D. Pearl gave up persuading Ezra to cancel the doctor.

短文改错

This is a fact that Senior Three students are working hard at their lessons， hope to improve their academic performance and pass the College Entrance Examination. But what worries me is that the large number of students is not active in taking physical exercise. The reason is because they dont pay enough attention to the importance of regular exercise. In fact， its very important of students to have sports every day. Experts say physical exercise is great importance for their physically and mental health. And a lack of sleep or exercise may be cause them to feel sleepy in class， which in the end led to students performing badly in exams.

单项选择

1. She waved her hands to ___ my attention to her dress.

A. search B. draw

C. pay D. distract

2. As her little brothers coming， the cost of the family is moving ___ .

A. more B. less

C. upwards D. forward

3. Greg has been ___ the sales manager just now.

A. appointing by B. appointing like

C. appointed as D. appointed be

4. The white lines marked the ___ of the basketball field.

A. ends B. boundaries

C. terminals D. boards

5. It is uncertain ___ side effect the medicine will bring about， although about one hundred patients have taken it.

A. that B. how

C. what D. whether

“No， no.”

“Youre like a mother who chatters about that place，” she said unhappily.

1. It can be inferred from the dialogue that Pearl had spent the night ___ .

A. staying in her bed

B. thinking about her illness

C. talking to Ezra about the past

D. making plans to go to the hospital

2. What could Ezra most probably do if Pearl was really ill？

A. Hed agree to let her stay home.

B. Hed make sure she would recover.

C. Hed insist on sending her to hospital.

D. Hed ask another doctor to make sure.

3. What does the underlined sentence suggest？

A. Pearl wanted to sleep.

B. Pearl wished Ezra to leave her alone.

C. Pearl was seriously ill and missed her daughter.

D. Pearl gave up persuading Ezra to cancel the doctor.

短文改错

This is a fact that Senior Three students are working hard at their lessons， hope to improve their academic performance and pass the College Entrance Examination. But what worries me is that the large number of students is not active in taking physical exercise. The reason is because they dont pay enough attention to the importance of regular exercise. In fact， its very important of students to have sports every day. Experts say physical exercise is great importance for their physically and mental health. And a lack of sleep or exercise may be cause them to feel sleepy in class， which in the end led to students performing badly in exams.

单项选择

1. She waved her hands to ___ my attention to her dress.

A. search B. draw

C. pay D. distract

2. As her little brothers coming， the cost of the family is moving ___ .

A. more B. less

C. upwards D. forward

3. Greg has been ___ the sales manager just now.

A. appointing by B. appointing like

C. appointed as D. appointed be

4. The white lines marked the ___ of the basketball field.

A. ends B. boundaries

C. terminals D. boards

5. It is uncertain ___ side effect the medicine will bring about， although about one hundred patients have taken it.

A. that B. how

C. what D. whether