架起文化交流的桥梁

Build a bridge for culturalex change

直音法the phonetic method反切法theFanqiemethod汉语拼音方案Chinesephonetic alphabetsystem

——《切韵考·通论》陈灃

In ancient China,people indicated the pronunciation of a word by reading homophones.However, if there were not homophones,the method would not work.Moreover,when the homophones were too rare to read,the method would not be in effect either.

自秦始皇推行“书同文”、东汉蔡伦发明造纸术以来，中华民族运用朴素的标准化原理，持续改进了印刷术，为人类文明的传承注入源源不绝的动力。与此同时，国人对于汉字注音的研究和实践也贯穿了中华民族的成长历程。

Since the implementation of“unified written language”in Qin Dynasty,and the invention of papermaking technology by Cai Lun during the Eastern Han Dynasty,Chinese nation utilized standardization theory to improve typography continuously and boosted the cultural heritage of human beings.Meanwhile,the researches and practices ofphoneticnotationforChinesewordsrun through the history of the Chinese nation.

在汉代，苦于“言语异声”，人们借常用字标注同音字，推行“直音法”，以标准化互换原理的朴素运用，终结了文字读音依靠“口耳相传”的历史。为了突破生僻字难以借音的局限，人们又借鉴印度梵文音理，发明了“反切法”——分别取两个字的声母、韵母和声调为另一个字注音。蕴含标准化组合原理的“反切法”是汉字注音史上的一大进步，在1700多年间，极大促进了中国文字教育的发展。然而，由于这种注音方法高度依赖于对汉字的掌握，使得中国的普通民众不得不长期仰仗《三字经》、《百家姓》、《千字文》作为启蒙识字教材，频频遭遇“秀才识字读半边”的尴尬。

During the Han dynasty,limited to difference in pronunciations between oral and written language for the same word,with basic standardization principle of mutual exchange,people adopted the phonetic method to read a word and ended the history of word-of-mouth pronunciations.Furthermore.

people learnt from ideas from Indian phonetic knowledge and invented the Fanqie method,to indicate the pronunciation of a word by using initials,finals and tones of two different words.Such application of basic standardization principle of combination symbolized great progress in the history of Chinese phonetics and constantly promoted the Chinese language education for more than 1700 years.However,this phonetic methods highly depended on the mastery of Chinese language,the general public relied on some materials including Three-Character Canon,Hundreds of Surnames,and The Thousand-Character Writing as early learning materials and frequently encountered embarrassments in misreading words.

直到明朝万历年间（1605年），意大利耶稣会教士利玛窦出版《西字奇迹》，首创以拉丁字母为汉字注音的先河，启发兼容并蓄的中国人迈上了汉字音标化注音的历程。从十九世纪末开始，中国先后掀起“切音字运动”、“注音字母运动”、“国语罗马字运动”和“拉丁化新文字运动”，推出了几十种拼音方案，涌现出卢戆章、王照、刘孟扬、赵元任、瞿秋白等一大批先行者。

北洋政府颁布的《注音符号表》

U ntil 1605 in Ming Dynasty(era of Emperor Wanli),the Italian Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci published Xizi Qiji("The Miracle of Western Letters"),which was the first book to use the Latin alphabet to compose Chinese language phonetic system.Enlightened with this idea,Chinese people started to use phonetic symbols in Chinese language pronunciation since then.A few campaigns spread over China in the late 19th century,including:"Qieyin Characters Movement","Latinization Movement",“Mandarin Romanization movement",and"Latinized New Writing Campaign”.Dozens of Chinese phonetic alphabet systems were proposed a large number of great practitionerscameout,suchas:Lu Zhuangzhang,Wang Zhao,Liu Mengyang,Zhao Yuanren,Qu Qiubai.

国人的努力终于在新中国成立后结出了硕果——国家确定“简化汉字、推广普通话、制定和推行《汉语拼音方案》”的文字改革三大任务，于1958年批准《汉语拼音方案》；1982年，国际标准化组织（ISO）决议采用汉语拼音作为世界文献工作中拼写中国专有词语的国际标准（ISO 7098：1982《文献工作——中文罗马字母拼写法》）。1996年，《汉语拼音正词法基本规则》（GB/T 16159-1996）作为国家标准批准颁布……汉语拼音的每一次进步，无不饱含着中国人对于实现汉字读音标准化、推动民族科教事业兴旺发达的不懈追求。

Those efforts finally bore fruits after the founding of new China.The government started three main campaigns for the reform of Chinese language,including simplification of Chinese language,promotion of Chinese mandarin,and development and implementation of Chinese Phonetic Alphabet System.In 1958,the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet System was approved.In 1982,ISO decided to adopt Chinese phonetic alphabet as an international standard(ISO 7098：1982 Documentation--Romanization of Chinese),which was applied to Chinese words in the worlddocumentationfields.In1996,GB/T 16159-1996(The basic rules of Chinese phonetic alphabet orthography)was approved as a national standard.Each progress of Chinese phonetic alphabet is filled with Chinese people's relentless pursuit to achieve standardization of the pronunciation of Chinese characters,and to promote national science and education business.

如今，伴随着五大洲正在形成的新一轮汉语热潮，标准化的汉语拼音已成为国际汉语教学的坚强基石，架起了联通中国与世界的文化桥梁。

Nowadays,along with the new wave of learning Chinese worldwide,the standardized Chinese phonetic alphabet has become a solid foundation of the international Chinese language education and therefore builds a bridge for cultural exchange.