苍岭隧道火灾事故疏散时间模拟研究
2012-04-10张雪峰张灵吉
张雪峰 张灵吉
摘要:长大隧道火灾、危化品泄漏等突发事故造成严重的人员伤亡和巨大的经济损失。由于隧道结构的封闭性和复杂性,火灾报警、逃生和救援均难以实施。一旦隧道内发生火灾,使受灾人员在灾害危及其生命安全之前及时疏散到安全场所是非常重要的。以苍岭隧道为长大隧道的典型案例,采用经验公式和数值模拟,在苍岭隧道的实际隧道结构、交通量、车辆比率和人员荷载等模拟条件下计算了火灾事故的所需疏散时间。2种计算方法的计算结果均表明事故相关人员应在8分钟内从事故隧道转移至安全隧道。疏散时间的模拟研究,将有助于逃生救援体系的构建与实施,有效推进隧道安全运行管理。
关键词:隧道;疏散时间;经验公式;数值模拟;火灾事故
Simulation Study on the Evacuation Time of Fire Accident in Cangling Tunnel
Abstract:Unexpected incidents such as the fire of a long-large tunnel, the leakage of dangerous chemistry goods will cause serious casualties and huge economic losses . Due to the enclosed and complexity of the tunnel structure, it is difficult to implement fire warning, escape and rescue. Once causing the fire hazad inside the tunnel , it is very important for disaster-affected people to evacuate to safe places in time. Taking Cangling tunnel as a typical case, with the experience formula and numerical simulation, evacuation time of the fire accident is calculated under considering the actual structuer, traffic volume, vehicle rate and people load of Cangling tunnel. The calculation results of two methods show that the disaster-affected relevant personnel should be in eight minutes to escape from accident tunnel to a safe site. the simulation study of evacuation time of will help to build and implement the escape and recue system, and also to carry out effective the safety management of the tunnel.
Key Words:tunnel; Evacuation time; Experience formula; Numerical; Fire accident
1 引言
近年来,随着高速公路网的不断完善,隧道的利用越来越频繁,其带来的社会经济效益也日益显著。同时,由于隧道结构自身的一些特点,如对外出口少,封闭,自然排烟困难等,使得其内部一旦发生火灾将对人员的生命安全造成极大的威胁,并且给疏散逃生救援工作带来极大的困难。因此避免或减少火灾事故所造成的人员伤亡,除了努力采取消防措施预防火灾事故外,一旦发生火灾,采取恰当的应急策略和正确的疏散救援措施,使受灾人员在灾害危及其生命安全之前及时疏散到安全场所也是非常重要的。
Joel Winter[1]分析了影响隧道火灾事故时人员疏散效率的主要因素,对疏散的不同阶段进行了定量分析,给出了加快疏散速度的方法;……
