王小英

阅读理解能力是一项重要的语言技能，主要是培养学生用英语思维的能力及用英语获取信息、处理信息的能力。阅读理解要求我们既要具备一定的词汇量和语法知识，较高的语言经验积累及良好的语言感觉，又要具备一定的文化背景知识和相关的阅读技能。中考阅读材料在题材和体裁的选取上，更加重视具有鲜明时代特征、实用性强的语言材料，如报刊文章、使用说明书、招贴告示、广告及各类图表等。阅读重在考查学生对篇章的整体理解和把握。选择型阅读理解的解题方法和步骤如下：

1． 细读题干，心中有数。

细读题干，首先要掌握问题的类型，分清是客观信息题还是主观判断题。客观信息题可以从文章中直接找到答案；而主观判断题考查的是对文章的感情基调，作者未陈述的观点以及贯穿全文的中心主旨的理解等，这类题必须经过对作者的态度、意图以及对整篇文章进行深一层次的推理等。其次，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率，节省了宝贵的时间。特别适用于对图形表格类题材的理解。

2． 速读全文，了解大意知主题。

抓主题句这是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。主题句一般出现在文章的开头和结尾。用归纳法撰写的文章，此时主题句就是文章的最后一句。通常用演绎法撰写的文章，大都遵循从一般到个别的写作程序，即从概述开始，随之辅以细说。这时，主题句就是文章的第一句。当然也有些文章没有主题句，需要读者自己去归纳。主题句往往对全文起提示、启迪、概括、归纳之作用，主旨大意题、归纳概括题、中心思想题往往直接可以从主题句中找到答案。

3． 详读细节，理顺思路与文章脉络。

记叙文多以人物为中心，以时间或空间为线索，按事件的发生、发展、结局展开故事；论述体则包含论点、论据、结论三大要素，通过解释、举例来阐述观点。你可根据文章的特点，详读细节，以动词、时间、地点、事件、因果等为线索，找出关键词语，运用“画图列表法”，勾画出一幅完整清晰的文章主题和细节的认知图。

4． 逻辑推理，做好深层理解题。

在实际阅读中，有时作者并未把意图说出来，阅读者要根据字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意。这就是通常所说的深层理解。深层理解是一种创作性的思维活动。它必须忠实于原文，要以文章提供的事实和线索为依据，立足已知推断未知，不能凭空想象，随意揣测；它要求读者对文字的表面信息进行分析、挖掘和逻辑推理，不能就事论事，以偏概全。只有吃透文字的字面意思，推理才有前提和基础。

5． 认真复查，避免失误。

这是最后一步，也是最重要的一步。我们在确定答案后，不能掉以轻心。在阅读和答题时，我们的大脑里已输入了不少信息，这时很有必要把所有的信息归纳整理一遍后再读一遍短文，认真检查答案，利用浏览和查阅等方法检查所选答案是否正确，是否符合逻辑，是否掉进设计者的“陷阱”中。发现错误，及时改正，力求万无一失。

请同学们按以上方法做一做下面的短文。

【中考链接】

Passage 1 故事类 (2008年盐城市)

The famous scientist and thinker, Charles Darwin, was born on February 12, 1809. As a boy, Charles liked to go for walks in the fields and forests. He enjoyed watching nature, and comparing what he saw with everything he had read in science books. He also liked collecting very much. He collected many things, birds, eggs, stones and leaves.

At sixteen Darwin was sent to Edinburgh University to become a doctor. But he was interested in the history of nature.

Then he was sent to study in Cambridge University. There he studied until 1831.

Some time later he heard that the ship Beagle was going on a trip to South America and wanted a scientist. His teacher advised him to go. So when the Beagle left England in December, 1831, Darwin was on it.

The trip lasted almost five years. Darwin saw many new plants and animals. He collected all kinds of plants.

In 1842 Darwin went to live in Kent, and there he continued his studies of change in nature. Darwin understood that plants and animals are not always the same, and that they really change.

By 1859 Darwin had finished his famous book The Origin of Species.

In 1871 Darwin wrote another important book.

Darwin continued his studies in science until he died in 1882.

1. Where was Darwin born? ____.

A. In Germany B. In France C. In England D. In America

2. What kind of books did Darwin like reading when he was a boy? ____.

A. Science book B. Chemistry books C. History books D. Medical books

3. What did Darwin work as on the ship Beagle? ____.

A. A tourist B. A doctor C. A waiter D. A scientist

4. Which book was written by Darwin in 1871? ____.

A. The Origin of Species B. The Theory of Relativity