胡杏春

定语从句向来就是九年级语法教学中的难点,如何把复杂的语法转化为浅显的知识,让学生一学就会,本文集合笔者的教学实践,谈一谈自己的具体教法。

一、明确概念

定语从句是修饰某一名词或代词的从句、被修饰的名词或代词叫做定语从句的先行词。我用a big table, a young boy, hard wall等短语中的big ,young, hard分别作为名词table, boy, wall的定语,阐述定语是用来修饰或限制名词或代词的,将其去掉后短语同样完整,加上它却能增加表达效果,使之大增色彩。同样,将定语从句去掉,主句依然完整。当学生明白定语从句相当于形容词做定语后,即可进行如下练习:

将下面小题的两个简单句合并成一个复合句,并使句意保持不变:Mary likes the music.The music is quiet and gentle.

首先,让学生找出两个简单句中相同的词或短语,它就是先行词。显然,本句的先行词就是the music.其次,找出主句Mary likes the music.第三,加上中心词the music的定语,该句就合并成Mary likes the music that/which is quiet and gentle.最后,教会学生检验正误。当我们把从句that/which is quiet and gentle.删去后,句子即为Mary likes the music.正好与主句完全一致,从而可知该句Mary likes the music that/which is quiet and gentle.是正确的。

二、顺水推舟

学生此刻会问:“当我们找到先行词后,怎么选择定语从句的连词?”教师便抓住学生的迫切需要,做出如下归纳:

1、當先行词是人时,连词用who(做从句的主语)、whom(做从句的宾语);当先行词是人时,也可用that(做从句的主语或宾语);例如:

〔1〕She is the woman who/that teaches us English.﹝做从句的主语﹞〔2〕This is the boy whom/that we talked to just now.﹝做从句的宾语﹞

注:当连词做从句的宾语时可以省略。

2、当先行词是物时,连词用that 或which(均可做从句的主语或宾语);例如:

〔1〕Its a book that/which introduces China in detail.﹝做从句的主语﹞〔2〕This is the dog that/which we wanted to find yesterday.﹝做从句的宾语﹞

注:当连词做从句的宾语时可以省略。

3、当先行词表示所属关系时,不管他是人还是物,连词都用whose﹙做从句的定语﹚;例如:

〔1〕This is the house whose windows face to south.﹝做从句的定语,先行词是物﹞〔2〕He is the boy whose mother is a bus driver.﹝做从句的定语,先行词是人﹞

4、当先行词表示时间时,连词用when﹙做从句的时间状语﹚;当先行词表示地点时,连词用where﹙做从句的地点状语﹚;当先行词表示原因时,连词用why﹙做从句的原因状语﹚;当先行词表示比较时,连词用as﹙做从句的比较状语﹚例如:

〔1〕I will never forget the day when we first met in a park.﹝做从句的时间状语﹞〔2〕My favorite city is Beijing where I can visit the Great Wall.﹝做从句的地点状语﹞〔3〕This is the reason why you should leave.﹝做从句的原因状语﹞

三、乘胜追击

讲到此处,学生最急于想知道的就是怎样区别连词that,which,who的用法,于是,我就介绍它们的用法区别如下:

1、只用that的情况:

﹙1﹚Is there anything that I can do for you?﹝当先行词是不定代词或被不定代词all,much,everything,none,other,the other等修饰时,连词只能用that﹞

﹙2﹚The only thing that I want to do is to have a rest.﹝当先行词被only,very,just,last,one of ,no,little,few,any等词修饰时连词只能用that﹞

﹙3﹚He was the first person that passed the exam.(当先行词被序数词first,second等修饰时连词只能用that)

2、只用which的情况:

(1)This the house of which the windows face south.﹝当先行词指物时,which能与介词连用而that不能﹞

(2)Tom came back, which made us happy.(which引导非限定性定语从句指事/物而that不能)

(3)Whats that which was put in the car?

﹝当先行词是that/those时连词只能用which而不能用that﹞

﹙4﹚Let me show you the novel that I borrow from the library which was newly open to us.

﹝当前一个连词用that,后一个连词只能用which,避免重复﹞

3、只能用who的情况:

(1)Anyone who does that must be mad.

﹝当先行词是指人的不定代词时,连词只能用who﹞

(2)There is a young man who wants to see you.

(There be句型中先行词指人时,连词只能用who﹞

(3)I met a friend of mine in the park yesterday who had got three gold medals in the Asian Games.﹝当先行词指人且其后有较长修饰语时,连词只能用who)

在讲完这一切过后,同学们就会豁然开朗,再加点巩固练习题,要让学生掌握定语从句,应当不是什么难事了。我就是这样一步步地把定语从句教给学生的。