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2009年高考英语语法大攻略

2009-06-29胥潇云

新东方英语·中学版 2009年3期
关键词:语态英语语法时态

胥潇云

英语学习,光靠语法并不能解决一切,但是不熟练掌握语法是万万不能的!解析近五年的高考英语题,处处离不开语法。因为这几年的考题表面上看似淡化了语法,但其实不然。只是高考英语单选题中对语法的考查更偏重于结合语境和综合知识。除了单项选择题,完形填空、短文改错和写作等题型中其实都融合了对语法的考查。总之,现在语法考查的综合性更强。所以,应对2009年高考语法,一定要了解它的命题特点,对知识点进行过滤,围绕核心内容来备考。

高考语法题的特点

具体来说,高考语法命题有以下三大特点。我们结合2004~2008年高考英语单选真题来加以说明。

语法题考查的内容均为高考考试大纲中所列的语法项目,包括时态、语态、非谓语动词、形容词、副词、连词、词义辨析及动词短语辨析、情景交际等,且难度基本持平。以下为2004~2008年全国卷I的单选真题举例。

时态语态

1. — Has Sam finished his homework today?

— I have no idea. He ______ it this morning. (2004)

A. did B. has done

C. was doing D. had done

2. The coffee is wonderful! It doesn't taste like anything I _______ before. (2005)

A. was having B. have

C. have ever had D. had ever had

3. The house belongs to my aunt but she ________ here any more. (2006)

A. hasn't lived B. didn't live

C. hadn't lived D. doesn't live

4. The flowers were so lovely that they ________ in no time. (2007)

A. sold B. had been sold

C. were sold D. would sell

5. — Have you known Dr. Jackson for a long time?

— Yes, since she ________ the Chinese Society. (2008)

A. has joined B. joins

C. had joined D. joined

【分析】2004~2008年连续五年都有对时态、语态的考查。2004年的这道题考查的是过去进行时,选C;2005年的这道题考查的是现在完成时,选C;2006年的这道题考查的是一般现在时,选D;2007年的这道题考查的是一般过去时,选C;2008年的这道题考查的是一般过去时,选D。

情态动词

1. — Isn't that Ann's husband over there?

— No, it ______ be him. I'm sure he doesn't wear glasses. (2004)

A. can't B. must not

C. won't D. may not

2. Tom, you ______ leave all your clothes on the floor like this! (2005)

A. wouldn't B. mustn't

C. needn't D. may not

3. There's no light on. They ______ be at home. (2006)

A. can't B. mustn't

C. needn't D. shouldn't

4. — How's your tour around the North Lake? Is it beautiful?

— It ______ be, but it is now heavily polluted. (2007)

A. will B. would

C. should D. must

【分析】情态动词是语法中的一个必考点,全国卷I连续几年也都考查了这一考点。2004年考查的是“can't表否定的推测”,选A;2005年考查的是“mustn't(禁止、不准),needn't(没必要),may not(或许不)和wouldn't(不愿意)”四者的区别,选B;2006年考查的是“can't用于否定的推测,must用于肯定的推测”,选A;2007年考查的是“should表对现在情况的推测”,选C。尽管2008年全国卷的单选中没有专门的题目考查情态动词,但很多地方卷中都考查了这一考点。

除了时态、语态和情态动词,连接词、非谓语动词、情景交际等在每年的高考题中都有体现,在此就不再一一列举。

2004~2008年的高考英语语法考查强调综合性和语境化,重点考查语法在特定情景中的应用,并且考查的重点突出,对动词的考查较为密集,体现了其发展变化的特点。例如:

非谓语动词

1. "We can't go out in this weather," said Bob, ______ out of the window. (2004 全国卷II)

A. looking B. to look

C. looked D. having looked

2. The prize of the game show is $30,000 and an all expenses ______ vacation to China. (2005 北京)

A. paying B. paid

C. to be paid D. being paid

3. I like getting up in the summer. The morning air is so good _________. (2008 全国卷I)

A. to be breathed B. to breathe

C. breathing D. being breathed

【分析】以上三题均是对非谓语动词的考查。2004年全国卷II对这一考点的考查相对简单,考生只要能判断出“现在分词表主动、表伴随进行”就可轻松解题,选A。2005年北京卷的这道题在考查上有了些变化,加入了连词and进行干扰。很多考生看到题,误以为连词and连接的是两个并列句,不知道该如何解题。可只要仔细分析,不难发现and连接的就是两个名词,paid是过去分词作后置定语修饰expenses,选B。2008年全国卷I的这道题的考查方式也有所变化。这道题考查不定式作状语时不用被动式的情况,在特定的语境中设置考题,用干扰项A来加大解题难度,简单中见真工夫。这道题选B。类似2008年的这类题可用一种方法来解:将该不定式置于句首,看句子是否成立。如:To breathe the morning air is so good. To answer the question is difficult.

时态语态

1. — What would you do if it ______ tomorrow?

— We have to carry it on, since we've got everything ready. (2005 全国卷I)

A. rain B. rains

C. will rain D. is raining

2. The water _______ cool when I jumped into the pool for morning exercise. (2006 全国卷I)

A. was felt B. is felt

C. felt D. feels

【分析】以上两题均是对动词时态语态的考查。2005年的这道题是结合虚拟语气的考点考查的,应该选B。而2006年的这道题是结合被动语态中“感官动词用主动表被动”这一特殊语法现象考查的,选C。

除了稳定性、发展性这两大特点,高考英语语法题在设置上还具有很大的灵活性。语法题中有相当一部分是根据学生的思维定式而设计的“陷阱题”。命题人主要通过增加句子的复杂程度、改变句子的正常结构、利用相似易混的句式结构等来设置干扰信息,增强对考点的考查力度。例如:

1. I won't call you, ________ something unexpected happens. (2007 全国卷I)

A. unless B. whether

C. because D. while

2. The wet weather will continue tomorrow when a cold front ________ to arrive. (2008 全国卷I)

A. is expected B. is expecting

C. expects D. will be expected

【分析】以上两题均涉及“在时间、条件状语从句中,若主句为一般将来时,从句则用一般现在时表将来”,也就是我们常说的“主将从现”。但我们可以看到,对同一个考点,2007年和2008年的这两道题的考查方式却十分灵活:2007年的这道题侧重对连接词的考查,选A;而2008则把重心放在从句的时态上,同时还加入了被动语态的考查,选A。

通过以上的分析,我们了解了高考英语语法题的三大特点。下面我们来看一下该如何应对。

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