关注动词不定式的完成体
2008-09-28王会慈
王会慈
动词不定式的时态上可分为三种,即:一般式to do,to be done;进行式to be doing;完成式to have done,to have been done;完成进行式to have been doing。下面谈谈不定式的完成体。
一、动词不定式的完成体
(1)如果不定式表示的动作是瞬间动作时,它表示一个在现在或过去某时之前已经完成的动作;如果是延续性动词,它表示一个一直持续到现在或过去某时的动作。
A.常见的可接不定式的完成体的有:happen,see,appear,prove,pretend,seem等。例如:
They seem to have experienced a destructive earthquake.他们似乎已经历了一场毁灭性的地震。(表示事情已经发生)
My grandmother appeared to have lived a happy life.我奶奶似乎一直过得很幸福。(她的幸福生活一直持续到现在)
B.常见的可用于“主语 + be said + to have done/been”,相当于主动句“People say that ...”,类似的结构有:be reported /thought/supposed/expected/believed/considered/known等。例如:
Her husband is said to have given up smoking.据说她丈夫已经戒烟了。(戒烟发生在“据说”之前)
The young girl is reported to have served the club for five years.据说那个小姑娘已经在这个俱乐部服役五年了。(不定式表示谓语动作所处的状态)
C.常见的可以接不定式完成体的形容词有:glad,happy,sad,disappointed,satisfied,sorry,surprised等。例如:
Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.对不起,给您添了那么多的麻烦。
We are disappointed to have known that our team lost the game.知道了我们队输了这场比赛,我们很失望。
试比较下面不定式的一般式和完成式的区别:
Im happy to have seen you.见到你很高兴。(分手时说的话)
Im happy to see you.见到你很高兴。 (见面时说的话)
Im sorry to keep you waiting for a moment.对不起,要请你等一会。(说话时还未等)
Im sorry to have kept you waiting for a long time.对不起,让你等久了。(说话时已经等了很久了)
(2)be + 不定式完成时态表示本该做或想做但又未做的动作。例如:
You were to have arrived there early that day.__那天你们应该早点儿到那。(但你们晚到了。)
I was to have helped him then,but I was too busy.那时我本想帮他的忙,可我太忙了。(未帮他的忙)
(3)表示“意图,打算”之意的动词如hope,wish,expect,think,suppose,want,plan,agree,mean,try等用过去时,后接不定时完成时做宾语时,表示想做而未做成的事情。这种意义也可用这类词的“过去完成时 + 不定式的一般式”来表达。……
