刘世一

Unit1

1. I study by working with a group. 我通过小组练习学习。

by+v-ing构成方式状语，表示“以某种方式、手段做某事”，by后也可接名词。例如：

He teaches himself the violin by practicing the whole night.

他通过整夜的练习自学小提琴。

She got there by taking a bus (=by bus). 她乘公共汽车到的那里。

I study English by watching English movies.

我通过看英语电影学习英语。

I knew by his appearance that he was not English. 通过他的外表我就知道他不是英国人。

2.Its too hard to understand the voices. 很难听明白那些话。

本句是too…to…句型，含有否定意义，意为“太……以致不……”，其中too是副词，用来修饰形容词，to是动词不定式符号。句中it是形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式。例如：

The apple is too high to reach.

那苹果太高了，够不着。

The boy is too young to understand the story.

他年龄太小，不能理解这个故事。

在使用这个句型时，以下三点值得注意：

(1)当句中的主语与不定式有逻辑动宾关系时，不定式后不能接宾语。

Tom spoke too quickly for us to understand.

汤姆讲得太快了，我们听不懂。

(2)当句中的主语与不定式有逻辑动宾关系，而不定式又是不及物动词时，要加相应的介词。

The house is too small for the family to live in.

房子太小，以致于家里人住不下。

(3)中考对这一知识点的考查常以句型转换形式出现，如与so…that…和…enough to…结构互为转换。例如：

The little boy walked too fast for his parents to catch up with.

这个小男孩走得太快了，他父母跟不上。

→The little boy walked so fast that his parents couldnt catch up with him.

The box is too small to hold these books.

这个箱子太小了装不下这些书。

→The box is not big enough to hold these books.

3. He also thinks that watching English movies isnt a bad way because he can watch the actors say the words.

他还认为看英语电影是一种好方法，因为他可以看到演员在说什么。

(1)本句为主从复合句，that引导宾语从句作think的宾语，because引导原因状语从句，修饰宾语从句。

(2)watching English movies是动名词短语作宾语从句的主语。非谓语动词短语作主语时，视为第三人称单数，无论非谓语动词后的宾语是单数还是复数，谓语动词都要用第三人称单数形式。通常可以用形式主语it代替非谓语动词短语，将真正的主语放在句子后面。例如：

Reading more English story books is a good way for English study.

多读一些英语故事对英语学习有好处。

To finish the work on time is very difficult.

=It is very difficult to finish the work on time.按时完成这项工作非常困难。

(3)在watch the actors say the words中，谓语动词watch后跟的是带有一个动词不定式短语的复合宾语，动词不定式say前面省去了to。英语中，当感官动词watch, see, listen to, hear, look at, feel, notice 等后接动词不定式作宾语补足语时，通常省去不定式符号to。例如：

The man saw a thief run out of a shop. 那人看见一个小偷从一家商店跑了出来。

I often hear the girl sing a song in the next room.我常常听到那个女孩在隔壁唱歌。

4. What about reading aloud to practice pronunciation?我们来大声朗读练习发音怎么样？

what about 意为“……怎么样？”与how about 意思相同且用法相同，用于征求对方意见，看法，建议对方做某事。后面接名词、代词或v-ing形式等。

What (How) about a trip to London? 到伦敦去旅游一趟如何？

What (How) about you, Helen? Do you like that book? 你怎么样，海伦？你喜欢那本书吗？

What (How) about playing football with me? 和我一起踢足球怎么样？

5. We get excited about something and then end up speaking in Chinese. 因为当我们谈论某事激动起来时，最后就讲起中文来了。

(1)get excited about=be excited about 为固定短语,意为“对……感到兴奋”。介词about后通常接名词、代词或v-ing 形式。例如：

Arent you excited about it?

你难道对那件事不感到兴奋吗？

The boys got excited about going to Shanghai. 男孩们对去上海感到很兴奋。

The students are excited about the results of the exams. 学生们对考试结果感到非常兴奋。

(2)end up sth. /doing sth. 意为“结果为……”，“以……结束”，通常指意料之外的结果。例如：

He ended up in prison.

他最终锒铛入狱。

They were going to go swimming, but ended up staying at home and watching TV. 他们原计划去游泳，但结果却是呆在家里看电视。

6．I dont know how to use commas. 我不知道怎么使用逗号。

句中how to use commas是带有疑问词的动词不定式作宾语，不定式的逻辑主语通常是句子的主语。在中考中，往往将其与宾语从句进行句型转换来对这一知识进行考查。例如：

He didnt know what he should do.

→He didnt know what to do.

他不知道应该做什么。

Jim told Lin Tao how he would spend the day.

→Jim told Lin Tao how to spend the day. 吉姆告诉林涛他是怎样度过这一天的。

The students should know what to do or what not to do in school.

我们在使用这一结构时有两点需要注意：

(1)在这一结构中，如果是疑问代词what， which, whom时，是作其后不定式短语中动词的宾语，因此动词应是及物动词，若是不及物动词，需加相应的介词。例如：

I dont know what to say.

我不知该说什么。

He wants to know whom to work with.

他想知道将和谁在一起工作。

(2)在这一结构中，如果是疑问副词when, where, how时，是作其后不定式短语的状语，因此它们后面可接不及物动词，若接及物动词，须有自己的宾语。例如：

Please tell me where to go.

请告诉我去哪里。

Do you know how to do the exercise?

你知道怎样做这个练习吗？

7．I dont have a partner to practice English with.

我没有练习英语的同伴。

句中to practice English with是接介词的不定式短语作定语。这一语言现象有两种情况：

(1)当被修饰的中心词与作定语用的不定式在意义上是动宾关系，并且不定式是“动词+介词”这类短语动词时，动词后的介词不能去掉。例如：

Mr. Johnson was a difficult person to wait on.约翰逊先生是一个很难侍候的人。

He is a man not to be looked down upon. 他是一个不可小看的人。

(2)当被修饰的中心词与作定语用的不定式在意义上是动状关系，即中心词是不定式（及物动词或不及物动词均可）动作发生的地点、工具等，不定式后一般要用一个适当的介词来表示这种关系。例如：

They want to buy some sickles to cut rice with.

人们想买几把镰刀用来割谷。

Its getting dark. We have to find a hotel to live in. 天快黑了，我们得找个旅馆住下。

8． First of all, it wasnt easy for me to understand the teacher when she talked to the class. 首先，当老师和同学们交谈时，我不容易听得懂。

本句是“it be+adj.+to do sth.”句型。it是形式主语，代替后面真正的主语动词不定式。例如：

It is not easy to learn English well. 学好英语不容易。

It is necessary to master at least a foreign language.

有必要至少掌握一门外语。

当动词不定式的逻辑主语需要表示出来时，有以下两种情况：

(1)形容词通常用来表示事物的形状或特征时，用“it+be+adj.+for sb. to do sth.”句型。常见的这类形容词有difficult, hard, easy, heavy, dangerous, expensive,useful, impossible等。例如：

It is impossible for her to buy the car with cash.要她用现金买那辆汽车是不可能的。

Its common for leaves to fall from the trees in the fall. 秋天树叶从树上落下是件常事。

(2)形容词通常用来表示人的行为或品德时，用“it+be+adj.+of sb. to do sth.”句型，常见的这类形容词有honest, wise, clever, brave, foolish, kind, good, careful, stupid, silly, nice, right, wrong, polite, rude等。例如：

It was brave of her to save the children.

她救起那些孩子们，很勇敢。

It was careless of him to leave the door unlocked. 他没有把门锁上，实在是太粗心了。

9. Later on, I realized that it doesnt matter if you dont understand every word. 后来，我意识到是否理解每个词无关紧要。

句中it doesnt matter…是动词matter的常用句型。matter用作动词主要用于否定句、疑问句或条件句中，意为“要紧”、“关系重要”，多用it作主语。偶尔也用于肯定句中。例如：

It will not matter if you come home late. 你回家晚了也没关系。

It doesnt matter who wins in the match. 谁在比赛中获胜没关系。

It doesnt matter whether Danny goes there or not.丹去不去那儿无关紧要。

根据情况其后可接介词to，表示对某人有关系，或接介词about，用来表示做某事是否有关系。例如：

What does it matter to you?

这对你有什么关系？

It doesnt matter about closing the window. 关上窗子没有关系。

10. She had trouble making complete sentences. 她在造完整的句子方面有些困难。

本句是“have+n.+(in) doing…”句型，意为“做……有……”，have后常接fun, difficulty, trouble, problems等词语。介词in指“在某一方面”，常可以省略。例如：

Were going to have fun learning and speaking English this term. 这个学期我们学说英语将会很有乐趣。

The students had trouble (in) climbing the hill.

同学们在登山时遇到了一些问题。

We had some problems getting to the top of the mountain.

到达山顶我们费了些劲。

We have difficulty talking and playing with him.

我们很难和他一起聊天和玩。

Unit 2

11. I used to be afraid of the dark. 我过去怕黑。

Did you use to play the piano? 你过去常常弹钢琴吗？

本句为used to结构的疑问句形式。used to是情态动词，只有过去式，没有其他任何时态，表示过去存在但现在已不存在的情况或习惯，to是不定式符号，后面跟动词原形。例如：

We used to work in the same workshop.

我们曾在同一个车间工作。

There used to be many people smoking in the office, but now nobody is allowed to.

过去在办公室里常常有许多人抽烟，而现在不让人抽了。

used to的疑问和否定形式可以用助动词did,也可直接用used构成。例如：

Did it use to rain here in summer?

=Used it to rain here in summer?

这儿以前夏季时常下雨吗？

We did not use to see each other.

=We usednt to see each other.

我们以前不经常见面。

12. But now Im more interested in… 但我现在对……更感兴趣。

be interested in“对……感兴趣”， 表示“有兴趣做某事”be interested to do sth.句型。两个句型中的be动词可用become或get代替，侧重于由不感兴趣到感兴趣。例如：

Im interested in this TV play．

我对这部电视剧感兴趣。

The old American became interested in Beijing Opera.这位美国老人对京剧产生了兴趣。

I am not interested in doing business with that company.

我不喜欢和那家公司做买卖。

He was interested to watch their faces and their costumes.他饶有兴趣地注视着他们的面孔和衣服。

13. Im terrified of the dark.

我非常害怕黑夜。

terrified是动词terrify的过去分词形式，在句中相当于形容词，含有very afraid的意思。可构成短语be terrified of…“对……非常害怕”， be terrified at “因……而害怕、惊恐”。例如：

Some children were terrified of a long roll of thunder.

有些小孩子害怕隆隆的雷声。

The child was terrified of being left alone in the house. 那孩子害怕把他一个人留在家里。

She was terrified at the deafening explosion. 她被那震耳欲聋的爆炸声吓了一跳。

The old lady was terrified at the thought of crossing such a busy road.

老妇人想到要穿过这样一条繁忙的马路便感到害怕。

14. I go to sleep with my bedroom light on.

我开着卧室的灯睡觉。

句中with my bedroom light on是介词with的复合结构，在句中作伴随状语。with复合结构由两部分构成，第一部分介词的宾语，由名词或代词充当，第二部分是宾语补足语，由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词充当，分词可以是现在分词，也可以是过去分词。该结构在句中多数充当状语，表示行为方式，伴随情况、时间、原因或条件。例如：

We can see a big house with trees around it. 我们看见一栋高大的房子，四周树木环绕。

He lay on the bed with the bedroom door shut. 关好寝室门他就上床去睡觉了。

With the meal over, we all went home. 吃过饭我们都回家了。

With the boy to lead the way, we will find the house easily tomorrow.

有那个男孩带路，明天我会很容易地找到这幢房子。

15. Before I started high school, I used to spend a lot of time playing games with my friends, but I just dont have the time anymore.

我上高中前，花了许多时间和朋友们一起玩，可现在我不再有时间玩了。

(1)句中的spend使用的句型是spend time (in) doing sth.，意为“花费时间或钱做某事”，其中介词in可以省去。spend另一个常用句型是spend time on sth.“在某事或物上花费时间或钱”。试比较：

I spent my holidays (in) traveling in Scotland.

我到苏格兰旅行度假了。

He spent a lot of money on books. 他花了很多钱来买书。

(2)not…anymore意为“不再……”、“再也不……”，anymore可分为any more。not…anymore同义词语是no more, not…any longer/no longer，区别是：not…anymore常用于日常对话，侧重于程度或在数量上不再增加。常可以写成no more。不过no more多用于书面语，多修饰瞬间动词。

I wont go to his house any more/anymore.

我再也不到他家去了。

Time lost will not return anymore.

=Time lost will return no more.

=Lost time will no more return.

失去的时间一去不返了。

no longer，侧重于时间上不再延长，表示时间上的“不再”，常含有今昔对比之意，比较正式，动词常用作一般现在时，有时用作过去时。no longer的变化形式是not…any longer，多用于口语。

She could no longer go to school.

She couldnt go to school any longer. 她再也不能上学了。

I must not disturb you any longer. 我决不能再打扰你了。

16. My life has changed a lot in the last few years. 在过去的几年里，我的生活改变了许多。

in the last few weeks/months/years表示“在过去的几周/月/年里”，常用在现在完成时态中。“in the past+时间段”也有这一用法，意思相同。例如：

I have made a great progress in the last few weeks. 在过去的几周里，我进步很快。

He has learned lots of English words in the last few months.在过去的几个月里，他学习了很多的英语单词。

I have taught in this school for ten years.

我在这所学校教书已10年了。

=I have taught in this school since ten years ago.自从10年前我就在这所学校教书。

Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past few years.

在过去的几年里我的家乡发生了巨大的变化。

17. It seems that Yu Mei has changed a lot. 于梅好像变了许多。

本句为It seems that…句型。seem表示“好像、似乎、看起来”，表示根据某种迹象看出主观的、但不肯定的判断，这种判断往往接近事实。例如：

It seemed that he had missed the train. 看来他没搭上火车。

It seems that he is happy today. 今天他似乎很高兴。

It seems that…句型往往可转换为Sb. seem to do sth.。例如：

It seems that he understands the meaning of the word.

=He seems to understand the meaning of the word.他似乎理解了这个单词的意思。

It seems that she is sleeping.

=She seems to be sleeping.

她好像在睡觉。

It seems that…句型可拓展为It seems to sb. that…，意为“在某人看来……”。例如：

It seems to me that it will rain tonight. 我看今晚要下雨了。

It seems to me that there is something strange about the case.

在我看来这件案子有点奇怪。

It seems后面除了可接that从句外，还可以接as if引导的从句。例如：

It seems as if it is going to be fine. 好像天要放晴了。

It seemed as if the man over there had been drunk.

那边的那个人好像喝醉酒了。